Articulation and Resonance Exam 4

Source-Filter Theory

Speech is created by a sound source (vocal folds) and shaped by the vocal tract (oral, nasal, pharyngeal cavities)

Vocal Tract

Oral cavity, nasal cavity, and pharynx

Articulation (speech)

Process of bringing speech structures together to form sounds

Resonance

Shaping of airflow through oral and nasal cavities

3 parts of the pharynx

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

Nasopharynx

Behind the nose

Oropharynx

Behind the mouth

Laryngopharynx

Above the larynx

Mandible

Lower jaw; movable; important for speech and chewing

Maxilla

Upper jaw; immovable; forms hard palate

Mandible function

Assists lips, tongue movement, mastication

Mandible development

80–90% adult size by ~7 years

Upper lip

Less mobile

Lower lip

Stronger, faster, does most movement, attached to mandible

Philtrum

Groove between nose and upper lip

Columella

Tissue separating nostrils

Intrinsic tongue muscles

Shape the tongue (fine control)

Extrinsic tongue muscles

Move the tongue (gross movement)

Nasal septum

Divides nasal cavity into two sides

Bones of septum

Vomer (inferior), Ethmoid (superior)

Deviated septum

Septum shifted to one side, reducing airflow

Velopharyngeal valve

Opening between oral and nasal cavities

During breathing

Velum relaxed, air flows through nose

During speech (oral sounds)

Velum elevates, closes nasal cavity

Soft palate (velum)

Controls airflow between oral and nasal cavities

Nasal phonemes

/m/, /n/, /ŋ/

Resonance disorder

Problem with airflow through oral/nasal cavities

Hypernasality

Too much nasal sound

Hyponasality

Too little nasal sound (blocked airflow)

Velopharyngeal dysfunction

Problem closing velopharyngeal valve

Cleft palate

Opening in palate affecting speech

Submucous cleft

Hidden cleft under tissue

Incisors

Cutting

Canines (cuspids)

Tearing

Premolars (bicuspids)

Crushing

Molars

Grinding

Mesial

Toward midline

Distal

Away from midline

Buccal

Cheek side

Lingual

Tongue side

Occlusal

Chewing surface

Movable articulators

Tongue, lips, velum, mandible, pharynx

Immovable articulators

Teeth, hard palate, alveolar ridge

Alveolar ridge

Ridge behind upper front teeth

Frontal bone

Forehead

Parietal bone

Top of skull

Temporal bone

Side (hearing)

Occipital bone

Back of skull

Frontal sinuses

Forehead

Maxillary sinuses

Cheek area

Place of articulation

Where sound is produced

Voicing

Vocal folds vibrate (voiced) or not (voiceless)

Manner of articulation

How sound is produced (stop, nasal, etc.)

Cognates

Same place, different voicing (ex: /p/ & /b/)

Velum

Soft palate; directs airflow

Frenulum

Anchors tongue

Uvula

Hangs from velum; helps close nasal passage

Dental surfaces

Parts of teeth used in speech

Maxillary sinuses

Near cheeks

Frontal sinuses

Above eyes

Orbicularis oris

Closes lips

Buccinator

Keeps food between teeth

Masseter

Elevates mandible

Genioglossus

Moves tongue

Levator veli palatini

Raises velum

3 nasal sounds

/m, n, ŋ/

Movable vs immovable**

Tongue moves, teeth don’t

Hyper vs hypo

Hyper = too much nasal, Hypo = too little