HN Biology Final Exam

adhesion

an attraction between molecules of different substances

cohesion

an attraction between molecules of the same substance

surface tension

a cohesive attraction between the molecules on the surface of a liquid

heat capacity

the amount of heat energy required to increase temperature (Ex: water has high heat capacity)

solvent properties

water dissolves lots of stuff (Ex: water is universal solvent)

Identify the two properties of water that are responsible for capillary action

adhesion and cohesion

Identify two types of substances that are soluble in water

ionic compounds and polar molecules

Identify one type of substance that is not soluble in water

non-polar molecules

using the chemical equation for the carbonate buffer system, predict the direction the reaction will proceed if a strong acid is added

H₂CO_{3 ←}HCO3[-] + H[+]

using the chemical equation for the carbonate buffer system, predict the direction the reaction will proceed if a strong base is added

H₂CO_{3 →}HCO3[-] + H[+]

function of carbohydrates

main source of energy

function of fats and oils

insulates your body and cushions organs

function of phospholipids

major component of all cell membranes

functions of proteins

controls the rate of chemical reactions and transports substances into or out of cell

what is the general name of the monomer sized molecules that combine together to make carbohydrate monomers

monosaccharides

what is the general name of the monomer sized molecules that combine together to make protein monomers

amino acids

identify the general name of carbohydrate polymers

polysaccharides

identify the general name of protein polymers

polypeptides

starch

stored form of sugar in plants (polysaccharide)

glycogen

the stored form of sugar in animals (polysaccharide)

cellulose

a polysaccharide that’s used to build plant cells walls (polysaccharide)

describe an enzyme

protein that has lower activation energy, required to start chemical reactions, reusable, catalyze only, reaction, substrates attach to active site on enzyme

primary structure of a protein

unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

secondary structure of a protein

structure that results hydrogen bonds between the backbones of different amino acids

tertiary structure of a protein

interactions between R groups in different amino acids. It’s 3D shape determines its jobs or function

quaternary structure of a protein

structure that results when more than one polypeptide forms a protein

how are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells the same

1. cell membrane

2. cytoplasm

3. DNA

4. ribosomes

how are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different

Pro. - no nucleus, no cell parts, smaller

Eu. - nucleus, cell parts, larger

nucleolus

makes ribosomes inside nucleus

chromatin

thread-like form of DNA

nuclear pores

controls the entry and exit of molecules in the nucleus

nuclear envelope

double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

chromosomes

rod-like form of DNA

identify three molecules that are part of an animal cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol

trace the pathway a protein travels that is going to be secreted from the cell

ribosome → rough ER → vesicle → GA → vesicle → cell membrane

describe the serial endosymbiosis theory

• mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent prokaryotes

• mitochondria became part of a eukaryotic cell first, and then chloroplasts

• chloroplasts became a cell part inside some eukaryote cells (plant and algae cells)

• mitochondria became a cell part inside all eukaryote cells (endosymbiosis)

how do nonpolar (hydrophobic) molecules cross the cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer

how do polar (hydrophilic) molecules cross the cell membrane

transport proteins

how do ions (hydrophilic) molecules cross the cell membrane

transport proteins

identify the type of transport shown in a diagram

what is the ideal environment for animal cells

isotonic

what is the ideal environment for plant cells

hypotonic

does simple diffusion require energy

no

does faciliated diffusion require energy

no

does active transport require energy

yes

is a transport protein required for simple diffusion

no

is a transport protein required for faciliated diffusion

yes

is a transport protein required for active transport

yes

how does simple diffusion move

high to low

how does facilitated diffusion move

high to low

how does active transport move

low to high

what is a hypertonic solution

water moves out, gets smaller

what is a hypotonic solution

water moves in, gets bigger

what is a isotonic solution

water neither moves in and out, stays the same

what components are required to do photosynthesis

H₂O, light energy, CO₂

what components are produced by photosynthesis

glucose and O₂

what 2 molecules are produced by the light dependent reactions are used by the light independent reactions

ATP and NADPH

What molecule is CO₂ converted into during the light independent reactions

glucose

what are factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

shortage of water, shortage of CO₂, temperature, increase of light intensity

identify the reactants needed for cellular respiration

O₂ and glucose

identify the products of cellular respiration

CO₂, H₂O, ATP

does cellular respiration need oxygen

yes

does fermentation need oxygen

no

how many ATP’s are produced during cellular respiration

between 34 and 36

how many ATP’s are produced during fermentation

2

what are the products of fermentation

lactic acids or ethanol and CO₂

what molecules is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

O₂

what process produces most of the energy in an intense ½ minute activity

anaerobic

what process produces most of the energy in an activity lasting two minutes or more

aerobic

describe oxidative phosphorylation

ETC creates electrochemical gradient and oxidative phosphorylation (ATP synthase makes ATP)