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Containment
American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world
Marshall Plan
A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952) aka post-war europe was not slaying economically so the U.S. decided to help them out and transfered $13.3 billion to help Europe. This was under the Truman presidency.
Truman's foreign policy
Containment- The U.S foreign policy that sought to prevent communism from spreading. With the ------ Doctrine, President ----- established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.
Result of Korean War
Cease-fire (still in existence today) reached in 1953 and the border was restored at the 38th parallel. The two Koreas have developed their own states under different forms of government in the postwar recovery and modernization years. South Korea has adopted democracy and capitalism while North Korea remains one of the most stringent and isolated communist states in the world today.
Eisenhower's foreign policy
Domino Theory- If vietnam fell to communism, all of Southeast Asia would too. -------- administration, from 1953 to 1961, focused on the Cold War with the Soviet Union and its satellites. The United States built up a stockpile of nuclear weapons and nuclear delivery systems to deter military threats and save money while cutting back on expensive Army combat units.
Bay of Pigs
An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. Kennedy took responsibility.
Cuban Missle Crisis
The Soviet Union was secretly building nuclear missile launch sites in ----, which could have been used for a sneak-attack on the U.S. The U.S. blockaded ----- until the U.S.S.R. agreed to dismantle the missile silos.
Brown v Board of Education
1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
Birmingham Riot
1963--conflict between peaceful protesting students and the ------- police; the conflict brought national attention to the civil rights movement as JFK realized that if nothing was done, the black community would turn to militancy and the event reflected poorly internationally.
1960s Liberalism
A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.
1960s Conservatism
libertarian and Christian values. Less government interference, and traditional views socially and politically
Ho Chi Minh
1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable
Diem
Leader of South Vietnam, 1954-1963; supported by United States, but not by Vietnamese Buddhist majority; assassinated in 1963
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam
Goal of the U.S. in the Vietnam War
Preventing communist domination of south-east asia
Vietnamization
President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces
Pentagon Papers
A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.
Watergate
The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.
Carter's Foreign Policy
wanted to promote human rights, not fight Communism and decrease US involvement abroad (actually increased it & boosted arms spending)
Iran Hostage Crisis
In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages' release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity. There was a rescue mission that failed horribly and we lost 8 American soldiers' lives.
Neoconservatives
A group that championed free-market capitalism liberated from government restraints, anti-soviet positions in foreign policy, questioned liberal welfare programs, and called for the reassertion of traditional values of individualism and the centrality of the family
Religious Right
United States political faction that advocates social and political conservativism, school prayer, and federal aid for religious groups and schools
Iran Contra Affair
scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected
Examples of containment
Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Korean War, Vietnam War,
the soviet union removed nuclear weapons publicily and the U.S. removed missles from Turkey secretly
Harry S. Truman
Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb (1945-1953)
Dwight D. Eisenhower
leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School (1953-1961)
John F. Kennedy
President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Assasinated. (1961-1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson
signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. Big on government intervention involving welfare of citizens. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid. (1963-1969)
Richard Nixon
Vice President under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States. Resigned after threats of impeachment, because of Watergate.
Gerald Ford
1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon. "not conservative enough" (from lecture notes)
Jimmy Carter
(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.
Ronald Reagan
1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)