Module 16 - Childhood Disorders

What is Reactive Attachment Disorder

A pattern of emotionally withdrawn behaviour towards caregivers, with the child rarely seeking comfort when distressed and not responding when it is offered.

What is the etiology of RAD

A history of extreme and insufficient care, such as social neglect and repeated changes of primary caregivers

When is RAD diagnosed

between 9 months - 5 years

What is the biological theory of RAD

Chronic stress stemming from neglect negatively impacts neurodevelopment

What is the psychological theory of RAD

A failure to form secure attachments for development

What is the sociocultural theory of RAD

instability in social care leading to RAD

What are treatment options for RAD

therapeutic foster care or parent training

What is Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

When children display over social behaviours towards strangers, this can be interacted with strangers and hugging them

What is the etiology of DSED

A history of impaired caregiving and social neglect

When is DSED diagnosed

Not before 9 months

When is pica diagnosed

after 2 years old

What is enuresis

repeated urination when not appropriate. must occur 2x a week for 3 months in a child who is at least 5 years old

What is encopresis

repeated pooing when not appropriate. must occur once a month for three months in a child who is at least 4 years old

What are neurodevelopmental disorders

A group of conditions with early onset which are developmental deficits that produce impairments in personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning

What is intellectual developmental disorder

significant limitations in both intellectual and everyday functioning. Requires criteria a, b, c to be diagnosed

What is criteria A in IDD

poor intellectual functioning, meaning limited reasoning and problem-solving

What is criteria B in IDD

poor adaptive functioning, meaning the skills needed for daily life

What three domains are present in criteria B

academic (memory), social (awareness of others), practical (personal care)

What is criteria C in IDD

the intellectual and adaptive issues must be present during the developmental period

What genetics are linked to IDD

X-chromosome linked vulnerabilities

What treatments are available for IDD

educational support, speech language therapy, behavioural interventions

What is specific learning disorder

persistent difficulties in acquiring and using academic skills

What is SLD in reading

difficulty reading and understanding, often referred to as dyslexia

What is SLD in math

difficulty with number sense, often referred to as dyscalculia

What is SLD in writing

difficult with writing and spelling

What is the difference between IDD and SLD

IDD is issues in all aspects of life, while SLD is just in school

What is autism spectrum disorder

persistent deficits in social communication with repetitive patterns of behaviour or interests. Requires criterion A and B to diagnose

What is criteria A in ASD

issues with social communication, such as social emotional reciprocity, poor nonverbal communication, trouble understanding relationships

What is criteria B in ASD

repeated patterns of behaviour, such as repetitive motor movements (hand flapping), highly fixated interests with abnormal interest, hypersensitivity to sensory input

What is the male to female ration in ASD

3-1

What is social communication disorder

persistent difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication, requires 4 deficits to diagnose.

What are the 4 deficits of SCD

problems communicating for social reasons, difficulty acting in an appropriate setting, difficulty following conversational rules, problems understanding what is not plainly stated

What is the difference between SCD and ASD

there is no repetitive behaviour or interests in SCD.

What is Stereotypic Movement Disorder

repetitive, seemingly driven and purposeless motor behaviour, ex. hand flapping.

What is the diagnostic criteria for SMD

the movements must interfere with social and academic activities, and must specify if the behaviour is with or without self-injury behaviour, along with the severity

What is a tic

a sudden, rapid, and recurrent motor movement or vocalization

What are the two types of tics

motor vs vocal (movement vs speech) and simple vs complex (simple movement vs complex patterns of movements)

What is tourettes disorder

the presence of multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic for more than a year

What is persistent tic disorder

the presence of motor OR vocal tics for more than one year

What is provisional tic disorder

the presence of motor OR vocal tics for less than one year

What is the biological theory of tic disorders

that they happen from dopaminergic dysfunction in the brain

What is ADHD

a disorder of executive functioning which impairs an individuals ability to regulate cognitions and emotions and behaviours

What is required to diagnose ADHD

at least 6 symptoms in the inattentive and hyperactive category for at least six months

What are some inattentive symptoms

failure to see details, difficulty sustaining tasks, not listening, being forgetful

What are some hyperactive symptoms

fidgeting, standing when expected to sit, interrupting

What neurotransmitters are associated with ADHD

norepinephrine and dopamine

What brain areas are associated with ADHD

prefrontal cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, reticular activating system

What are the pharmacologic treatments for ADHD

stimulant medications are the first line treatment

What are the behavioural treatments for ADHD

CBT and parent training focus sessions

What is the most effective form of treatment for ADHD

a combination of medication and behavioural therapy

What is oppositional defiant disorder

a persistent pattern of angry mood, defiant behaviour, and vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months. individuals often lose their temper and are easily annoyed

What are the severities of ODD

mild (behaviour in 1 setting), moderate (behaviour in 2 settings), sever (behaviour in 3+ settings)

What is the etiology of ODD

genetic predispositions (temperament) interacting with environmental factors

What is the difference between ADHD and ODD

in ADHD, noncompliance is due to inattention, instead of defiance

What is conduct disorder

repetitive and persistent pattern of behaviour in which the rights of others and social norms are violated

What are the 4 main symptoms of CD

aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, theft, rule violations

What are the 2 subtypes of CD

childhood onset (before age 10) or adolescent onset

What is the etiology of CD

genetic factors and abnormal functioning in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala

What treatment is available for CD

multisystemic therapy which involves family and community, and CBT

What is Intermittent Explosive Disorder

recurrent behavioural outbursts which show a failure to control aggressive outbursts. requires aggression twice a week for 4 months, or 3 outbursts involving violence within 12 months

What is the etiology of IED

genetics and serotonin imbalances

What is selective mutism

A failure to speak in social situations where speaking is expected, despite speaking in other situations. this must happen for at least one month and interfere in functioning

What is separation anxiety disorder

inappropriate and excessive fear concerning the separation from an attachment figure. this fear must be persistent and last at least 4 weeks

What is trichotillomania

recurrent pulling out of ones hair which leads to pleasure

What is excoriation

recurrent picking of ones skin which leads to pleasure