Reaction Pathways

Nice.

Alkene to Polymer

Addition (polymerisation) - Catalyst heat and pressure

Alkene to (di) Haloalkene

Addition(halogenation) - Cl2 (g) , Br2(g) , I2(g) heat

Alkene to Alkane

Addition (Hydrogenation) - H2O (g) and Ni(s) (catalyst) + heat

Alkane to Primary Haloalkane

Substitution - UV light F2(g) , Cl2(g) : Polysubstiution

Alkene to Primary Haloalkane

Addition - HF(g) , Hcl(g) , Hbr(g) , HI (g)

Alkene to Primary alcohol

Addition (hydration) - H2O (g) and H3PO4 (l) Heat/300 degrees

Primary haloalkane to Primary alcohol

Substiution with NaOH (aq) or H20 (l) -> By product sodium + hydrogen hallide heat

Primary haloalkane to Alkylammonium halide salt

Stage 1 (conc) NH3 (aq) in ethanol/heat

Alkylammonium halide to Primary amine + ammonium halide

Substitution (stage 2) - conc NH3 (aq) in ethanol/heat

Primary alcohol to Carboxylic Acid

Oxidation O2(g) from air (slow) or O2(g)/silver catalyst/ heat (fast)

Primary Alcohol to Primary amine + water

Substitution (dehydration) - NH3 (g) / Alumina / heat

Primary alcohol to Aldehyde

Oxidation H+(aq) / MnO4 - (aq) or Cr2O7- (aq) / heat

Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid

Oxidation H+(aq) / MnO4 - (aq) or Cr2O7- (aq) / heat / distillation

Carboxylic acid to Ester + Water

Esterification (condensation) primary alcohol + H2So4 (l) or heat reflux (use double arrows)

Ester + Water to Carboxylic acid + primary alcohol

Hydrolysis H+ (aq) / heat (use double arrows)

Haloalkane + ammonia (NH3 (g) ) - Substitution

Primary amine + a small product

Carboxylic acid + Amine

Amide + Water

The “Addition” Rule

the number of carbons indicate how much is in the final product

ie: Butane (4) + Propane (7)

= Heptane etc