Vocabulary Flashcards: Introduction to Poultry and Livestock Management

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms, concepts, and facts from the Poultry and Livestock Management lecture notes.

Domestication

The taming and breeding of a population of organisms to accentuate desirable traits, adapt their behavior to human needs, and fit human needs; from the Latin domesticus meaning ‘of the home’.

Three key components of domestication

1) Living and freely reproducing animals, 2) Under the care of man, 3) For economic advantage.

Ethology

The science that studies animal behavior in the animal’s natural habitat.

Imprinting

A rapid and irreversible learning that occurs within a few hours or days after birth.

Poultry (definition)

A term that includes all domesticated birds that render economic services to humans.

Ornithology

The science that deals with the study of birds.

Dr. Francisco M. Fronda

A Filipino pioneer in poultry science, regarded as the Father of Poultry Science in the Philippines for his contributions and doctorate in poultry science.

Top producing region (chicken) in the Philippines (as of 2023)

Central Luzon; CALABARZON; Northern Mindanao.

Top producing region (egg) in the Philippines (as of 2023)

CALABARZON; Central Luzon; Northern Mindanao.

Top producing region (duck egg) in the Philippines (as of 2023)

Central Luzon; Western Visayas; Northern Mindanao.

Chicken (Gallus gallus) – egg weight and incubation

Egg weight ~58 g; Incubation ~21 days.

Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) – egg weight and incubation

Egg weight ~60 g; Incubation ~28 days.

Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) – egg weight and incubation

Egg weight ~70 g; Incubation ~35 days.

Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) – egg weight and incubation

Egg weight ~85 g; Incubation ~28 days.

Quail (Coturnix coturnix) – egg weight and incubation

Egg weight ~12 g; Incubation ~16–18 days.

Pigeon (Columba livia) – egg weight and incubation

Egg weight ~17 g; Incubation ~18 days.

Goose (Anser cygnoides) – egg weight and incubation

Egg weight ~200 g; Incubation ~30–31 days.

Swan (Cygnus atratus) – egg weight and incubation

Egg weight ~285 g; Incubation ~35 days.

Ostrich (Struthio camelus) – egg weight and incubation

Egg weight ~1400 g; Incubation ~42 days.

Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) – egg weight and incubation

Egg weight ~95 g; Incubation ~28 days.

Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) – egg weight and incubation

Egg weight ~32 g; Incubation ~23–24 days.

Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) – egg weight and incubation

Egg weight ~40 g; Incubation ~28 days.

Monophyletic theory (domestication origin)

Domestic chickens originated from the wild jungle fowl G. gallus.

Polyphyletic theory (domestication origin)

Domestic chickens originated from more than one wild species.

Red jungle fowl (G. gallus) origin

One of the primary wild ancestors of the domestic chicken; native to Southeast Asia (Thailand, Malaysia, etc.).

Sri Lankan Jungle fowl

One of the jungle fowls discussed as a possible contributor to domestic chicken ancestry.

Breed

A group of chickens with a distinct conformation or body shape that distinguishes them from other chickens.

Variety

A group within a breed that shares the same plumage color and comb type.

Strain

A group within a variety with a constant set of traits selected by breeders for 5–8 years.

Leghorn

A white, single-comb breed known for egg production.

Minorca

A white-skinned breed, often categorized in egg-producing lines.

Plymouth Rock

A dual-purpose breed, commonly with white plumage and barred varieties.

Nagoya

A dual-purpose breed from Japan; listed among dual-purpose types.

Frizzle

A fancy chicken type with curly or frizzled feathers.

Bantam

A small-sized chicken breed; used as a decorative/fancy type.

Gamefowl

Fighting-type chickens bred for gameness and stamina.

Galliformes

Order including turkeys, chickens, quail, partridge, pheasant, and peacock; lack true phallus; v-shaped breast.

Anseriformes

Order including ducks, geese, and swans; have true phallus and v-shaped breast.

Struthioniformes (Ratites)

Order including ostriches and related flightless birds; flat breast.

Columbiformes

Order including pigeons and doves; secretes crop milk.

Monogastric bird mating ratios (chickens)

Mating ratio for chickens: 1 male to 10–12 females (layers) or 1:12–15 for broilers, varies by species.

Mating/methods in poultry

Mass/flock, Pen, Stud, and Artificial Insemination are common mating systems.

Incubation management

Includes storage, temperature, humidity, ventilation, turning, and candling to ensure hatchability.

Candling

Using light to check fertility or embryo mortality at 7th, 14th, and 18th days.

Egg grading (shell color/size)

Based on shell color and weight; grades include AA, A, B; eggs are categorized by size (Jumbo to Peewee).

Egg abnormalities

Midget/dwarf, double yolk, egg-in-egg, dented shell, soft-shelled eggs, blood spots.

Chick sexing methods

Auto sexing (color patterns), Vent sexing (anatomical cue at cloaca), Feather sexing (wing feather arrangement).

Brooding management (broilers and layers)

Provision of heat, floor space, light, feeds, and water during the first weeks.

Light management for pullets

Growing: 12 hours light; laying: minimum 16 hours light per day; avoid excessive light changes.

Beak trimming

Infrared or hot blade trimming to prevent cannibalism; done within 10 days post-hatch.

Culling

Removal of unproductive birds from the flock.

Nutrition: broilers vs layers

Broilers use high-energy, protein-dense starter/finisher diets; layers progress through Starter, Grower, Developer, Layer I/II diets with specific CP, ME, Ca, P requirements.

Ad libitum feeding

Unlimited access to feed and water; promotes rapid early growth in broilers.

Restricted feeding

Controlled feed quantity or quality to manage maturity, egg size, and mortality; requires careful management.

Grit

Insoluble gravel fed to birds to aid mechanical digestion in the gizzard; small amounts per 100 layers.

Vitamin deficiencies (poultry)

Vitamin A, D, E, K, B vitamins; causes include hyperkeratosis, rickets, anemia, paralysis, and other disorders.

Mineral deficiencies (poultry)

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sulfur; lead to rickets, osteomalacia, ataxia, poor growth.

Cannibalism (in poultry)

Aggressive pecking caused by imbalanced diet, overcrowding, heat, or light; can be a strain trait.

Common poultry diseases (viral)

Marek’s disease, Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro), Fowl Pox, Newcastle disease.

Vaccines (broilers)

Marek’s disease, IBD (Gumboro), ND (Newcastle), Fowl Pox, and Coryza vaccines used through various routes.

Incubation factors (temperature)

Optimal chicken incubation around 37.5°C; too high or too low affects embryo development.

Incubation factors (relative humidity)

Chicken ~60% RH; ducks ~80% RH; ostrich ~25% RH; humidity affects hatchability and chick health.

Incubation factors (ventilation)

Adequate air circulation to supply O2 and remove CO2; essential as embryo develops.

Incubation factors (turning/position)

Eggs must be turned regularly (approximately 45° hourly) to ensure proper development.

Egg quality and size grading (PNS/BAFS 35)

Philippine standard for egg weight categories and shell quality; AA, A, B grades with size ranges.

Housing orientation

East-West orientation is recommended for poultry houses to optimize temperature and light exposure.

Biosecurity (perimeter fence)

Containment and prevention measures; footbaths, wheelbaths, contaminated vehicles and clothing protocols.