G1, S, and G2 phase of cell cycle DNA is replicated in S phase
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Telophase (mitosis)
the nuclei for the newly split cells form, the nucleoli reappear, and the chromatin uncoils
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Multicellular
Consisting of many cells
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Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
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Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
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Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
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Hydrophobic
water hating
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Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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cell cycle
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
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Prophase (mitosis)
chromatin condenses into chromosomes centriole pairs separate, nuclear membrane dissolves which allows spindle fibers to contact chromosomes
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Anaphase (Mitosis)
cell elongates and sister chromatids are pulled apart toward the poles
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Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
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cancer cells
cells that grow and divide continuously at an unregulated pace
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multipotent stem cells
stem cells that can become a limited number of types of tissues and cells in the body
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Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a well defined nucleus and membrane bound organelles
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Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
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Unicellular
Made of a single cell
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surface area to volume ratio
Ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume.
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plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
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Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.
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Golgi body
A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell.
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Vacuole
A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area
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cell wall
A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
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Hydrophilic
water loving
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Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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passive transport
Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient
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active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
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facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
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Endocytosis
A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.
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Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
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isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution
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hypertonic solution
Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water
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hypotonic solution
Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water
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binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells.
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Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
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Metaphase (mitosis)
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
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Apoptosis
process of programmed cell death
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stem cells
undifferentiated cells
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pluripotent stem cells
Stem cells that can become almost all types of tissues and cells in the body.
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totipotent stem cells
Stem cells that can differentiate into any type of specialised cells found in organisms of that species.
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Xylem
vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
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Phloem
Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant
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Transpiration
Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
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Translocation
The movement of sucrose and other substances like amino acids around a plant
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Stomata
Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move
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vascular plants
Plants that have tubes inside of them to transport liquid.
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digestive system
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
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excretory system
the system that removes waste from your body and controls water balance
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endocrine system
Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.
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Homeostasis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
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negative feedback loop
A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.
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positive feedback loop
a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified
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stimulus response model
Stimulus - receptor - control centre - effector - response
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Thermoregulation
Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.
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Osmoregulation
The control of water balance.
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diabetes
A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar
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Hypoglycemia
abnormally low level of sugar in the blood
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hyperglycemia
excessive sugar in the blood
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Tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
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Cells
Basic unit of life
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Organs
Tissues are organized into:, group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.
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Body Systems
groups of organs that perform specific functions in the human body
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Organs of the digestive system
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
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organs of the excretory system
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
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organs of the endocrine system
pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands; ovaries, testes, and pancreas
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independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
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dependent variable
The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.
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controlled variable
Factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same
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control
In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison
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extraneous variable
In an experiment, a variable other than the IV that might cause unwanted changes in the DV.
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qualitative data
descriptive data
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Quantitative data
numerical data
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Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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Reliability
consistency of measurement
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Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
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Precision
a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
Studied by 113 people
