#1 [ANATOMY] START TO DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Anatomy

It is the STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE AND SHAPE OF THE BODY and its parts.

Anatomy

The OBSERVATION IS USED TO SEE SIZES AND RELATIONSHIPS OF PARTS.

Gross Anatomy

It is the LARGE STRUCTURES THAT ARE EASILY OBSERVABLE

Microscopic Anatomy

These are the STRUCTURES THAT CAN BE ONLY VIEWED UNDER A MICROSCOPE BECAUSE THEY ARE TOO SMALL TO BE SEEN by the naked eye.

• This also applies to the study of cells and tissues

Chemical Level

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

It is where ATOMS COMBINE TO FORM MOLECULES

Cellular Level

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

CELLS ARE MADE UP OF MOLECULES

Tissue Level

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

TISSUE CONSISTS OF SIMILAR TYPES OF CELLS.

Organ Level

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

ORGANS ARE MADE UP OF DIFF TYPES OF TISSUES.

Organ System Level

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

ORGAN SYSTEM CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT ORGANS that work together closely.

Organismal Level

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

HUMAN ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS.

Integumentary System

ORGAN SYSTEMS

This FORMS THE EXTERNAL BODY COVERING;

1. PROTECTS DEEPER TISSUE FROM INJURY;

2. SYNTHESIZES VITAMIN D

3. LOCATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORS

Skeletal System

ORGAN SYSTEMS

This PROTECTS AND SUPPORTS BODY ORGANS

1. PROVIDES FRAMEWORK THE MUSCLES

2. BLOOD CELLS ARE FORMED

3. STORES MINERALS.

Skeletal Muscles

ORGAN SYSTEMS

It ALLOWS MANIPULTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

1. LOCOOTION

2. FACIAL EXPRESSION

3. MAINTAINS POSTURE

4. PRODUCES HEAT.

Nervous System

ORGAN SYSTEMS

A FAST ACTING CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE BODY.

1. RESPONDS TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHANGES BY ACTIVATING APPROPRIATE MUSCLE AND GLANDS.

Endocrine System

ORGAN SYSTEMS

Here are the GLANDS SECRETE HORMONES THAT REGULATE PROCESSES SUCH AS

1. GROWTH

2. REPRODUCTION

3. NUTRIENT USE BY BODY CELLS

Cardiovascular System

ORGAN SYSTEMS

This is where BLOOD VESSELS TRANSPORT BLOOD

1. CARRIES OXYGEN, NUTRIENTS, HORMONES, CARBON D. WASTES

Lymphatic System

ORGAN SYSTEMS

This PICKS UP FLUID LEAKED FROM BLOOD VESSELS AND RETURNS TO THE BLOOD.

1. DISPOSES OF DEBRIS IN THE LYMPHATIC STREAM

2. WHITE BLOOD CELLS INVOLVED IN IMMUNITY.

Respiratory System

ORGAN SYSTEMS

This KEEPS BLOOD CONSTATNLY SUPPLIED WITH OXYGEN AND REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE

1. The GASEOUS EXCHANGES OCCUR THRU THE WALLS OF THE AIR SACS OF THE LUNGS

Urinary System

ORGAN SYSTEMS

This ELIMINATES NITROGEN CONTAINING WASTES FROM THE BODY

1. REGULATES WATER, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID BASE BALANCE OF THE BLOOD.

Male and Female Reproductive System

ORGAN SYSTEMS

The OVERALL FUNCTION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IS PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING.

1. TESTES PRODUCE SPEM & HORMONE

2. DUCTS AND GLANDS AID IN DELIVERY OF VIABLE SPERM

3. OVARIES PRODUCE EGGS & HORMONES

4. OTHERS SERVE AS SITES FOR FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FETUS.

5. MAMMARY GLANDS OF FEMALE BREAST PRODUCE MILK TO NOURISH THE NEWBORN.

Digestive System

ORGAN SYSTEMS

It BREAKS FOOD DOWN INTO ABSORBABLE NUTRIENTS THAT ENTER THE BLOOD FOR DISTRIBUTION TO BODY CELLS.

1. Indigestible foodstuffs are ELIMINATED AS FECES.

Anterior

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

TOWARD OR AT THE FRONT OF THE BODY

• “In front of…” or VENTRAL

• Ex: The BREASTBONE IS ______ TO THE SPINE.

Posterior

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

TOWARD OR AT THE BACKSIDE OF THE BODY

• “Behind…” or DORSAL

• Ex: The HEART IS _____TO THE BREASTBONE

Superior

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

TOWARD THE HEAD END OR UPPER PART OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE BODY

• “Above…”

• Ex: FOREHEAD IS ______ TO THE NOSE

Inferior

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

AWAY FROM THE HEAD END OR TOWARD THE LOWER PART OF A STRUCTURE / BODY

• “Below…”

• Ex: THE NAVEL IS _____ TO THE BREASTBONE”

Medial

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

TOWARDS THE MIDLINE (CENTER) OF THE BODY OR IN THE INNER SIDE OF

• “Inside / Inner side of…”

• EX: HEART IS _____ TO THE ARM

Lateral

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE (CENTER) OF THE BODY

• Malayo sa gitna / Outer side of..

• EX: ARMS ARE _______ TO THE CHEST

Intermediate

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

BETWEEN A MORE MEDIAL AND MORE LATERAL STRUCTURE

• EX: COLLARBONE IS _______ BETWEEN THE BREASTBONE AND THE SHOULDER.

Proximal

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

CLOSE TO THE ORIGIN OF THE BODY PART OR THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT OF A LIMB TO THE BODY TRUNK

• “Malapit sa…”

• EX: ELBOW IS ______ TO THE SHOULDER (means elbow is closer to the wrist than the wrist)

Distal

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

FARTHER FROM THE ORIGIN OF A BODY PART / POINT OF ATTACHMENT OF A LIMB

• EX: KNEE IS _____ TO THE FEET.

Superficial

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

TOWARD THE BODY SURFACE

• EXTERNAL

• EX: SKIN IS _______TO THE SKELETON

Deep

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

AWAY FROM THE BODY / SURFACE

• MORE INTERNAL

• EX: LUNGS ARE ______ TO THE RIB CAGE