Biology Honors Plant/Animal Cells

Describe a Plant Cell

Are the building blocks of plants. Photosynthesis is the major function performed by plant cells, occurs in the chloroplasts of the plant cell.

Cell Membrane

the outer covering of a cell and helps it maintain shape, as well as allows certain molecules to enter and leave the cell.

Made out of two layers of phospholipids

Where are protein channels located and what is their function?

Found in the cell membrane and allow materials to go in and out of the cell.

Cell Wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cell membrane of plants and some other organisms.

It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism.

Nucleus

Controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes structures that contain the hereditary information.

Nucleolus

Produces and assembles the cell's ribosomes. Following assembly, ribosomes are transported to the cell cytoplasm where they serve as the sites for protein synthesis.

Where is the nucleolus found?

Inside the nucleus

Mitochondria (Mitochondrion)

Known as the "powerhouses of the cell," mitochondria produce the energy necessary for the cell's survival and functioning. Through a series of chemical reactions, mitochondria break down glucose into an energy molecule known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used to fuel various other cellular processes.

What is the process that takes place inside the Mitochondrion and what is being burned?

Cellular Respiration is when glucose is burned or broken down to release ATP.

Vesicle

Helps transport materials that an organism needs to survive and recycles waste materials. They can also absorb and destroy toxic substances.

Vacuole

Stores substances, typically either waste or harmful substances or useful substances the cell will need later on. (ex. nutrients)

Cytoplasm

Gel-like fluid inside the cell. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A membranous organelle is found in most eukaryotic cells. It synthesizes lipids, steroid hormones, and the storage and metabolism of calcium within the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Produces proteins for the rest of the cell to function. It has ribosomes on it, which are small, round organelles whose function is to make those proteins.

Golgi Apparatus

Transports, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers made by proteins, that hold the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement. They consist of both microtubules and microfilaments.

What are microtubules?

Hollow structures made up of the protein tubulin, maintain a cell's shape.

What are microfilaments?

Threadlike structures made up of a protein called actin, provide rigidity and maintain a cell's shape.

Ribosomes

Very small organelles that aid in the synthesizing of proteins. They can either be attached to the ER or free-floating in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes pull together the components of proteins (amino acids) and lipids and bond them together to make the larger compound. They also aid in the folding of proteins.

Chloroplast

Work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. The entire process is called photosynthesis and it all depends on the little green chlorophyll molecules in each chloroplast.

Example of a Chloroplast

Plastids are membrane-bound organelles found in plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments in a plastid determine the cell's color.

Nuclear Membrane

Also called the nuclear envelope, is a double membrane layer that separates the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cell. It protects the cell's genetic material from the chemical reactions that take place outside the nucleus.

Describe an Animal Cell

Are the basic structural and functional units of animal tissues and organs. Have membrane-bound organelles suspended in the cytoplasm enveloped by a plasma membrane.

Lysosomes

A membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. They break down excess or worn-out cell parts

Centrioles

Help with cell division in animal cells. The centrioles also help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division (mitosis)

What is mitosis?

A process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division)

Does an Animal Cell or Plant Cell have a bigger vacuole?

Plant cells have one or more large vacuoles.

Describe a Bacterial Cell

Are single celled microbes. The cell structure is simpler than that of other organisms as there is no nucleus or membrane bound organelles.

Capsule

Enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease. It also contain water which protects the bacteria against desiccation.

Nucleoid

Essential for controlling the activity of the cell and reproduction. It is where transcription and replication of DNA take place.

Plasmid

Carries antibiotic resistant genes and spreads them in the whole human or animal body.

Pilus

Protein structures that extend from the bacterial cell envelope for a distance up to 2 μm. They function to attach the cells to surfaces.

Flagellum

Long, thin, whip-like appendages attached to a bacterial cell that allow for bacterial movement.

What are eukaryotes?

An organism whose cells contain a nucleus within a membrane.

What are prokaryotes?

Small, single-celled organisms that have a relatively simple structure.

Who was Robert Hooke?

- British naturalist

- Botanist

- Made the first microscope

- Looked at plant cells (cork)

- 17th century

Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?

- Discovered bacteria through observing his pond and scraping from his teeth

- Clarified that cells are the basic unit of life

- Zoologist

- 18th century

Who was Mathias Schleiden?

- Saw that all plants were made up of cells

- Medical Doctor

- Early 1800's

Who was Theodore Schwann

- Saw that all animals were made up of cells

- Early 1800's

Who was Rudolf Virchow?

- German doctor who proposed that all cells come from cells that already exist.

- Mitosis and cell division

- Mid 1800's

What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?

1. All living things are made of cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of life (structure and function)

3. All cells come from cells. (Mitosis)

What did Lynn Margulis conclude about cells?

In 1970, some organelles within cells were at one time free-living cells.

What is the difference between multicellular and unicellular?

Unicellular:

- composed of one cell

- one cell carries out all functions

- (ex. bacteria, protists, yeast)

Multicellular:

- composed of many cells

- use many different cells to function

- (ex. humans, animals, plants)

What is the size of a cell?

5-50 micrometers

What is DNA called before its condensed

Chromatin