PSY 12000 Exam 3 Vocabulary (11)

personality

the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

hippocrates - choleric

yellow bile from the liver

hippocrates - melancholic

black bile from the kidneys

hippocrates - sanguine

red blood from the heart

hippocrates - phlegmatic

white phlegm from the lungs

galen - choleric

passionate, ambitious, and bold

galen - melancholic

reserved, anxious, and unhappy

galen - sanguine

joyful, eager, and optimistic

galen - phlegmatic

calm, reliable, and thoughtful

phrenology - franz gall

proposed that distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person's personality traits, character, and mental abilities

phrenology - immanuel kent

agreed with galen that individuals can be categorized into one of four temperaments, developed list of traits

phrenology - wilhelm wundt

suggested that personality could be described using two major axes, emotional/non-emotional and changeable/unchangeable

emotional/non-emotionable

separated strong emotions (melancholic, choleric) from the weak emotions (phlegmatic, sanguine)

changeable/unchangeable

divided the changeable temperaments (choleric and sanguine) from the unchangeable ones (melancholic and phlegmatic)

psychodynamic perspectives - freud

first comprehensive theory of personality explaining both normal and abnormal behaviors, proposed that unconscious desires influenced sex, aggression, and childhood sexuality preference

psychodynamic perspectives - neo freudians

agreed that childhood experiences mattered, less emphasis on sex, more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality

id

contains primitive urges, impulsive and instinctual, operates on the "pleasure principle" - seeking immediate gratification

superego

develops through interactions with others, learning social rules for right and wrong; moral compass, striving for perfection, judging behavior

ego (self)

attempts to balance id and superego, rational, relies on "reality principle" and the part of personality seen by others

unconscious

mental activity that we are unaware of and are unable to access

defensive mechanisms

unconscious protective behaviors that work to reduce anxiety, used by ego

alfred adler - inferiority complex

a person's feelings that they lack worth and don't measure up to the standards of others or society

alfred adler - 3 fundamental social tasks

occupational (career); societal (friendship); love (find an intimate partner)

analytical psychology

focused on working to balance conscious and unconscious thought

carl jung - collective unconscious

universal version of personal unconscious, holding memory patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us

carl jung - archetypes

patterns that exist in our collective unconscious across cultures/societies

carl jung - persona

mask that we consciously adopt

introverts

energized by being alone, avoid attention, speak slowly, stays on one topic, prefers written communication, pays attention easily, cautious

extroverts

energized by being with others, seeks attention, speaks quickly and loudly, think out loud, jump from topic to topic, verbal communication, distractible

karen horney - psychoanalytical social theory

social and cultural conditions and childhood experiences shape personality, and the goal of it is to move towards a healthy self

unconscious anxiety

normal growth can be blocked by basic anxiety stemming from needs not being met

3 styles of coping - moving towards people

affiliation and dependence; need for love and acceptance as adults

3 styles of coping - moving against people

aggression and assertiveness; likely to lash out and exploit others as adults

3 styles of coping - moving away from people

detachment and isolation; likely to avoid love/friendship and avoid interaction with others as adults

behavioral perspective

learning approaches to personality focus on observable, measurable phenomena (learning to behave in a particular way)

social-cognitive perspective - bandura

agreed that personality develops through learning but disagreed with the behaviorist approach because thinking and reasoning are important parts of learning

social-cognitive theory

emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality

reciprocal determinism

cognitive processes (beliefs, expectations, and personality characteristics), behavior, and context all interact

observational learning

learning by observing someone else's behavior and its consequences (teaches us what is socially acceptable)

self-efficacy

level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through social experiences

mischel's marshmallow study

study on delaying gratification: put kids in a room with a marshmallow and were told they could eat it now or if they wait, they could have two marshmallows instead of just one

julian rotter - locus of control

beliefs about the power we have over our lives

internal locus of control

tend to believe that most of our outcomes are the direct result of our efforts

external locus of control

tend to believe that most of our outcomes are outside of control

humanistic approach - abraham maslow

studied people that were healthy, creative, productive and found they shared similar characteristics - open, creative, loving, spontaneous, compassionate, concern, self love

humanistic approach - carl rogers

linked personality to self-concept, divided the self into the ideal self and the real self

ideal self

the person you would like to be

real self

the person you actually are

heritable traits

found that identical twins, raised together or apart still have very similar personalities, suggesting heritability of some personality traits

temperament

appears very early in life, babies can be categorized into one of three categories (easy, difficult, slow to warm up)

reactivity

how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli

self-regulation

ability to control our responses

trait theorists - gordon allport

found 4500 words in the English language to describe people and organized them into three categories

gordon allport - cardinal traits

dominates entire personality (rare)

gordon allport - central traits

make up our personality

gordon allport - secondary traits

less obvious or consistent, present under certain circumstances (preferences, attitudes, etc)

trait theorists - raymond catwell

identified 16 dimensions of personality - instead of a present being present or absent, people scored on a continuum; developed 16F assessment

eysencks - high in extroversion

sociable, outgoing

eysencks - high in introversion

high need to be alone, engage in solitary behaviors

eysencks - high in neuroticism

anxious, overactive sympathetic nervous system

eysencks - high in stability

more emotionally stable

five factor model

the big 5 traits - OCEAN: Openness for experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

hexaco model

Honesty-humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness

culture

beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society

selective migration

people choose to move to places that are more compatible with their personalities and needs

individualist cultures

value independence, competition, personal achievements; largely western countries; display more personally oriented personality traits

collectivist cultures

value social harmony, respectfulness, and group needs; asia, africa, south america; people display more socially orientated personality traits

mmpi

true-false questions that are asked about your life

likert scales

a scale of strongly disagree to strongly agree and questions that are asked about your life

myers-briggs type indicator (mbti)

categorizes individuals into 16 personalities based on 4 dichotomies

projective test - rorschach inkblot test

individual interprets a series of symmetrical inkblot cards, revealing unconscious feelings and struggles

projective test - thematic apperception test (tat)

individual tells a story about 8-12 ambiguous cards, giving insight into their social world, revealing hopes, fears, interests, and goals

projective test - rotter incomplete sentence blank (risb)

individual is asked to complete 40 incomplete sentences as quickly as possible to reveal desires, fears, and struggles