Translation Toolbox

Bio142

Is 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR - mRNA) present in prokaryotes?

Yes

Is 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR - mRNA) present in eukaryotes?

Yes

What is the function of 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR - mRNA)?

Precedes the start codon; helps stabilize the mRNA and guide the ribosome.

What translation stage is 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR - mRNA) needed?

Initiation

What is the function of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence (5’UTR-mRNA)?

Ribosome building site in mRNA that helps recruit the 30S subunit to the start codon

Is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence (5’UTR-mRNA) present in eukaryotes?

No

Is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence (5’UTR-mRNA) present in prokaryotes?

Yes

What translation stage is Shine-Dalgarno sequence (5’UTR-mRNA) needed?

Initiation

What is the function of the start codon (AUG-mRNA)?

It is the first codon (usually AUG) translated by the ribosome; sets the reading frame

Is the start codon (AUG-mRNA) present in eukaryotes?

Yes

Is the start codon (AUG-mRNA) present in prokaryotes?

Yes

What stage of translation is the start codon (AUG-mRNA) needed?

Initiation

What is the function of the Kozak sequence (5’ UTR-mRNA)?

It is a sequence surrounding AUG that helps the eukaryotic ribosome identify the correct start site.

Is the the Kozak sequence (5’ UTR-mRNA) present in eukaryotes?

Yes

Is the the Kozak sequence (5’ UTR-mRNA) present in prokaryotes?

No

What translation stage is Is the the Kozak sequence (5’ UTR-mRNA) needed?

Initiation

What is the function of the ribosome large subunit?

Joins amino acids into a polypeptide chain

Is the ribosome large subunit present in prokaryotes?

Yes

Is the ribosome large subunit present in eukaryotes?

Yes

What translation stage is the large subunit needed?

All

What is the function of the ribosome small subunit?

Matches tRNA to mRNA codons

Is the ribosome small subunit present in eukaryotes?

Yes

Is the ribosome small subunit present in prokaryotes?

Yes

What stage of translation is the ribosome small subunit needed?

All

What are initiation factors? (IFs)

Proteins that assist in the assembly of the initiation complex in bacteria.

Are initiation factors found in eukaryotes?

No

Are initiation factors found in prokaryotes?

Yes

What stage of translation are IFs needed?

Initiation

What are eukaryotic initiation factors? (eiFs)

Eukaryotic Initiation Factors coordinate mRNA scanning and ribosome assembly in eukaryotes.

Are eiFs present in eukaryotes?

Yes

Are eiFs present in prokaryotes?

No

What stage of translation are eiFs needed?

Initiation

What is 16S rRNA?

RNA component of the small (30S) subunit

Is 16S rRNA present in eukaryotes?

No

Is 16S rRNA present in prokaryotes?

Yes

What stage of translation is 16S rRNA needed?

All

What is18S rRNA?

small (40S) subunit in eukaryotes

Is 18S rRNA present in prokaryotes?

no

Is18S rRNA present in eukaryotes?

Yes

What stage of translation is 18S rRNA needed?

All

What is the function of initiator tRNA with fMet?

tRNA carrying formylmethionine used for the first amino acid in bacteria

What stages of translation is initiator tRNA with fMet needed?

Initiation

What does initiator tRNA with Met do?

tRNA carries methionine used to start translation in eukaryotes

What is GTP?

Energy source used by initiation, elongation, and release factors

Is GTP present in prokaryotes?

Yes

Is GTP present in eukaryotes?

Yes

What is the 5’ cap (mRNA)?

A modified guanine nucleotide at the 5’ end of mRNA required for ribosome recognition

Is the 5’ cap found in prokaryotes?

No

Is the 5’ cap found in eukaryotes?

Yes

What translation stage is the 5’ cap needed?

Initiation

What are cap-binding proteins and poly A proteins?

Proteins that bind the 5’ cap and 3’ tail to stabilize mRNA and promote translation initiation

Are cap-binding proteins and poly A proteins found in eukaryotes?

Yes

Are cap-binding proteins and poly A proteins found in prokaryotes?

No

What stage of translation are cap-binding proteins and poly A proteins needed?

Initiation

What are elongation factors? (EFs)

Proteins that facilitate tRNA entry to the A site and the translocation of the ribosome

Are EFs found in prokaryotes?

Yes

Are EFs found in eukaryotes?

Yes

What stage of translation are EFs needed?

Elongation

What are the E, P, and A sites?

The three functional pockets in the ribosome for tRNAs

Are the E, P, and A sites found in eukaryotes?

Yes

Are the E, P, and A sites found in prokaryotes?

Yes

What stage of translation are the E, P, and A sites needed?

Elongation