Chapter 11 The Later Middle Ages AP Euro

What was happening in c.1350 and c.1450 in Europe?

The economy was declining and the climate turned the continent very cold.

What was happening between 1300 and 1450?

The "little ice age".

What evidence had/has been found that the "little ice age" was happening?

Studying of Alpine and polar ice caps, tree rings, and pollen. Also, frozen rivers, crops not ripening, collapsed houses and abandoned villages.

How did the Great Famine happen (1315-1322)?

It was caused by torrential rains from storms (ruining crops) and poor harvests.

How did the Great Famine worsen itself?

Higher prices meant less food. Less food meant increased susceptibility to disease, and less productive workers, cycling back to higher prices.

What led to the abandonment of homesteads?

Poor harvests and famine.

What did vagabonds do?

They left home looking for food and labor.

What did some peasants have to do to get food?

They had to leverage their houses in order to get money for food.

What was a small factor contributing to net population growth (in the negative)?

Delayed marriages caused by the need to do labor for money.

Who did the peasants blame for the crisis?

The rich the speculators ("investment bankers"), and the Jews. In general, they targeted those who had more money than they did.

Who were the lepers?

Jewish agents.

What rumors spread amongst the common folk?

Jews and lepers planned to kill Christians by poisoning wells.

When many English sheep died of infection, what were the effects following?

There was less supply of wool for Flemish weavers. Because there was less wool to work with, many workers were laid off. Since there were less jobs available (a state of large unemployment), they would commit crimes to survive.

Were governments successful in dealing with the crises? What did they attempt?

They were not. They condemned speculators who withheld grain until people were willing to pay high prices. They forbade selling grain internationally.

What causes led Europe to be susceptible to disease?

Colder weather, poor harvests, and hunger/weakness from hunger.

What plague was carried into Europe in 1347?

The Black Death (possibly the bubonic plague, Yersinia Pestis)

Why would the Black Death, a plague that affects only rats, affect humans?

During certain periods in history, rats have died out. As a result, fleas must seek out other animals to suck blood from, including humans. Thus, they transfer any disease they carry with them when they bite someone.

Why is it questionable that the Black Death was the bubonic plague?

Because the bubonic plague had affected Europe in the 14th century, yet it had no massive rat die-offs, and spread much more quickly and killed much more than the Black Death has in the 19th century. Since the two seem very different and because the bubonic plague definitely happened in the 19th century, it is possible that the Black Death is not the same as the bubonic plague.

What is pneumonic transmission?

Transmission of disease through coughing and sneezing.

What are the symptoms of the Black Death?

First stage: Boils develop. Second stage: Black spots or blotches because of internal bleeding. Last stage: Coughing violently and spitting up blood, followed by death.

How did the plague get from southwestern China to Europe?

The Mongols carried the plague with them from SW China to Kaffa, where it spread to Messina, then infecting Sicily. From there, it spread to Venice and Genoa, then to Rome, Florence, and Tuscany. It went to Germany next, followed by France, Spain, England, Scandinavia, and then to Poland.

What caused the medieval urban areas to be perfect breeding grounds for disease?

Streets were filled with trash, (literal) crap, and dead animals. Rats could also enter houses very easily, and were vectors of the disease. Widespread famine, bad personal hygiene, and crowding all contributed, too.

About how much of the population did the disease eliminate?

1/3 of Western Europe and the Mediterranean.

Why were Milan, Liege, and Nuremburg largely spared?

They isolated themselves from the rest of the infected population before the disease could enter their cities, and they had enough backup grain to last them until the crisis was over.

What happened to the Roman Empire as the Black Death began to kill many people?

Many emigrants left the country to go to other smaller, uninfected countries, bringing the disease with them.

Who discovered the treatment for the Black Death, and what was the treatment?

Selman Waksman. He discovered streptomycin.

When the Black Death returned to Europe, what advantage did the Europeans have?

They were somewhat immune to the infection. They also had better hygiene and stringent quarantine measures.

What were diseases thought to be? What was the best cure?

They were thought to be poisons that came from the air that caused an imbalance of fluids. The best cure was blood letting.

What were some common treatments for the plague?

Using loud sounds to clean the poisoned air, medicine from plants to prevent symptoms, and cryptograms (magic letter and number combinations Muslims mainly) which instilled a feeling of hope.

How did the clergy behave during this time?

They behaved very honorably, caring for the sick and burying the dead. Because of this, they had high mortality rates.

What did cities do to prevent the spread of the plague?

They closed their gates and closed up homes housing the plague.

What economic effects did the Black Death bring?

Increased inflation because of less work being done to create supply. However, with high prices, people could demand high wages. So, people had higher quality of life (the nobility in contrast faced economic difficulty, so it turned to fur-collar crime).

What did most people see the plague as, religiously? What did they think the solution was?

They thought that the plague was caused by evil within themselves. They thought that living virtuously would solve the problem.

Who were the flagellants?

Christians who believed God was punishing them with the plague, so they showed repent through self-inflicted pain.

Who were the scapegoats for the plague? What happened to them as a result?

Most Christians, including flagellants, blamed the Jews for the plague. Thus, thousands of Jews were killed.

What do the literature and arts of the Middle Ages show?

They show that people were constantly concerned about death.

Why were new colleges and universities formed?

There was a shortage of priests and a decay of learning.

How was the Great Schism set out, even before the Reformation?

The new institutions had national and local student voting bodies rather than international student bodies, leading to a decrease in international unity of ideology.

What qualities of the Middle Ages did the plague highlight?

Deep religiousness, suspicion of different people, a lifestyle guided by oral tradition along with classical knowledge.

What was the war that lasted 116 years, and when did it take place?

The Hundred Years' War, the longest war in European history from 1337-1453.

What were the main causes of the Hundred Years' War?

DED-> Disagreements over land ownership (Aquitaine), economic difficulties (wool industry/control of Flemish towns), dispute over the succession to the French throne (Isabella vs. Philip VI).

What did the Treaty of Paris affirm?

English ownership to Aquitaine in exchange for becoming feudal land of the French crown.

Why was Aquitaine a disputed territory?

Because England had rights to the land but French kings decided that they wanted it back.

What was the immediate cause of the Hundred Years' War?

Disagreement over who would rise to the French throne after Charles IV of France died without an heir.

Why didn't French nobles and lawyers favor Isabella as ruler?

Because her child was Edward III, king of England. Lawyers invoked Salic law, which they claimed was justified.

Who rose to the French throne after the death of Charles IV of France?

Philip VI of Valois.

What event caused Edward III to declare reasonable grounds for war?

The seizure of Aquitaine by Philip VI.

Why did French nobility support English monarchs and interests?

Because they wanted to promote their own power and keep the French king from putting them under his power.

What side did Scotland support and why?

Scotland supported France because England tried to force Scotland to assimilate.

How did the French and British government gain support for the war from the people? What methods did they use?

They changed the public opinion. They did this by using the clergy to deliver patriotic messages and propaganda to raise nationalism, thereby creating a sense of "the enemy".

How were markets and manufacturers affected by the rivalry? (How were economic factors related to the political issue?)

Markets and manufacturers that were sustained by both British and French means were in jeopardy (ex. the wool manufacturers owned in France and owned by the French but supplied wool by England).

What groups were able to advance in society and gain wealth with the presence of the war?

Knights, criminals, nobles, and troops.

What caused the French to be forced onto the defensive for most of the war?

The French fleet was almost totally wiped out when they tried to attack on English soil; thus they were put on the defensive.

Who won the Battle at Crecy?

The English defeated the French.

How did the British have the advantage over the French in the beginning of the war?

They had longbowmen who could send a sky of arrows upon the enemy, causing chaos. They also had the cannon (likely the first use of artillery in the Western world).

Who won the Battle at Poitiers?

The English defeated the French.

Why did Edward III stop fighting France?

He had Aquitaine, along with some other provinces, and he was supported by the French nobility.

Who started up the fighting between England and France again (after Edward III's peace), and when? Where did the person find victory? Who did this person marry? What city did the person's forces conquer after their death?

In 1415, soldier-king Henry V invaded France. He conquered Agincourt, Normandy, and bordered Paris. He married the daughter of the king of France. After his sudden death, the English forces still captured Orleans.

Whose leadership and vision led the French to gain victories in their time of losses? When was he/she born and what was his/her vision?

Joan (of Arc) aka "Joanne". She was born in 1412, and her vision was that three saints told her to crown the dauphin (remaining heir) and to get the British out of France.

How did Joan help the French fight off the British? How did she die?

She raised troop morale and led the troops to victory, even being made the co-commander of the entire army. She was captured by the Burgundians (British supporting nobles). They tried her for heresy (which she was in no way guilty of) and had her burnt at the stake.

What happened with the French army after the death of Joan? What did the Burgundians do? What happened with England?

After Joan died, the French continued to find victory across northern France. As the French were becoming victorious, the Burgundians instead allied with the French. England became less involved with the war, as the war was taking its toll on England in the economy and lives lost.

What was the aftermath of the Hundred Years' War in France, specifically?

Destruction of farmland led to weaker local economies. Interrupted trade led to lower international trade. Losing in the war and taxes made the French people unhappy.

What was the aftermath of the Hundred Years' War in England, specifically?

A huge economic loss, costing £5 million. The government tried to pay for the war through taxing wool, which led to pricing wool out of the export market.

What was the aftermath of the Hundred Years' War in both England and France?

Men who made money in the war lost their money just as easily. Social order was disrupted by knights no longer serving in many important positions (possible increase in crime)

What did cannons do for the war?

They helped make stone castles penetrable. They also gave nation states ("independent" states) increased military power.

What did the war allow for in England? Why did Edward III need it?

A stimulated English Parliament. He required money to finance the war.

What flourished during a 200 year time period?

Between 1250 and 1450, representative assemblies flourished. They laid the foundations for representative institutions of modern democratic nations.

Who were the Commons? What did they realize? What did they do with this realization?

The Commons were made up of the knights and rich city dwellers. They realized that they held much of the power in England. They used their power to gain the ability to veto taxes proposed by the king.

Why did a national representative assembly fail to form in France?

Because of little nationalism, disunited provincial assemblies, and unable and unwilling kings.

What did the Hundred Years' War promote in France and England? What did this promoted thing do for France?

Nationalism. It helped France fight through the war.

In spite of clergy members being helpful during the time of the plague, what were other members of the clergy getting wrapped up in? What happened as a result?

Some of the clergy was involved in secular affairs rather than religious affairs. As a result, people started to challenge the values and authority of the church.

What did King Philip the Fair do that lead to the Babylonian Captivity? Why did he do it?

He tried to get Clement V (pope) to move to Avignon in France, so that he would have power over the church.

What was the Babylonian Captivity?

Synonym for Avignon Papacy. The time in which popes lived in Avignon, France, rather than in Rome. (When not in Rome...)

What did the Babylonian Captivity do to popes who lived in Avignon (correlated but not caused)?

The popes began to focus on financial and political matters rather than spiritual goals.

What did the cardinals do to Pope Urban VI because he treated them badly?

They excommunicated Urban VI and instead chose Clement VII as pope.

What was the Great Schism?

The split in the Catholic Church in which there were two popes, then three popes.

Which countries supported the papacy of Urban VI?

England, Germany, (Italian city-states at first)

Which countries supported the papacy of Clement VII?

France, Scotland, Aragon, Castile, Portugal, (Italian city-states later on)

What did the schism do to religious faith and church leadership?

It questioned Christian religious faith and made the church leadership looked down upon.

What were Thomas Aquinas' ideas? Who went against them?

Governments should be weakened, responsible, and separated from the church. William of Occam.

What were Marsiglio of Padua's ideas?

A stronger government, a weaker church.

Who were conciliarists?

People who believed the power of the church should rest in a general council of the high ranking members of the church, rather than the pope alone.

What were John Wyclif's ideas?

The head figure of the church is not the pope, but rather the Bible and scripture itself (ideas that would later be adopted by Martin Luther).

Who were the Lollards?

Supporters of John Wyclif's ideas. Women played an important role.

What were the ideas of Jan Hus? Why did he gain so many followers?

He denounced the power of the pope, and he declared indulgences to be worthless. He was able to use Czech nationalism against the pope to his advantage.

What was the goal/result of the Hussite Revolution?

The Holy Roman Emperor recognized the Hussite Church in Bohemia.

A council was called in Pisa between the Cardinals from Rome and Avignon. What resulted by the end of the meeting?

There was a threefold schism by the end of the council, and no compromise was reached.

Why was a new council called? What were its goals? What was the ultimate result of the council?

German emperor Sigismund forced a council to be called. The council sought to wipe out heresy, fix the schism, and reform the church. Ultimately, Martin V was chosen as the new pope and he cut the final goal short.

How was reform of the church laid out in the early 1400s?

The schism and the calling of many councils to elect a new pope would pave the way for reform in the sixteenth century.

What was happening to religion as the Church was seeming corrupt?

Religion became more personal as people distrusted in the church.

What were confraternities? What did they do to religion?

Groups practicing religion, because of similar jobs, religious beliefs, community, or charitable goals. Basically, we're looking at the formation of cults, but much less scary sounding. They made religion more personal/communal rather than being limited to the church and its corrupt state.

How did confraternities grow and expand?

Crises such as famine, plague, and war caused confraternities to grow.

What did the Brethren and Sisters of Common Life seek to do?

They sought to ease societal problems and make religion a very deep individual experience.

What did The Imitation of Christ urge Christians to do?

To follow in the footsteps of Christ, lead a simple life to reach perfection, and to observe scriptures for guidance.

What was mysticism?

A religious practice in which laypeople used their own experiences to increase their religious understanding.

What were the general causes for peasant revolt? What were the specific causes for peasant revolt?

Generally, the economy, government, and society were in bad shape. Specifically, peasants had been exploited for centuries and had to deal with the bad state of affairs, at the time.

What groups were pressing for money from Flemish peasants? What did the peasants do in turn? How were the peasants stopped?

The French and monasteries were getting money out of the peasants. The peasants attacked castles and aristocratic homes. A French army crushed the revolt.

What was the Jacquerie? What was it's main cause and what were it's other causes?

An enormous peasant uprising that was mainly caused by extremely heavy taxation. Its other causes were bandit crime, battle failure, and causing unhappiness.

What happened to the Jacquerie? Where did the Jacquerie continue?

It was crushes by the upper class. It continued underground because the upper class did not try to solve the problem.

What was the Statute of Laborers? Why was it passed? What were the peasants reaction to it?

A law passed by the king of England that enforced the feudal style of society. It was passed because peasants were demanding higher wages for less work. They revolted, in reaction to it.