Classification- Bacteria, Viruses, Protists, Fungus

Protists

eukaryotic, unicellular and multicellular organisms, autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms and don't fit in other kingdoms

Unicellular

organism is a single cell

Multicellular

organism is made up of many cells

Fungi

A kingdom made up of eukaryotic organisms, reproduce by using spores, and get food through absorption (by breaking down food substances outside the cells and then absorbing the nutrients

Taxonomic Levels Acronym

KPCOFGS

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Cell wall

A rigid layer of that surrounds the cells of bacteria, some protists, fungus and plants. Animals and animal-like protists (protozoans) do not have cell walls

Genus

A classification level grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Eubacteria

A kingdom that contains prokaryotes. Bacteria that we normally come in contact with.

For example- E. coli and Salmonella

Species

A group of similar organisms that look similar, breed with each other and produce fertile offspring.

Phylum

Group of closely related classes

Archaebacteria

Kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan. These bacteria live in extreme conditions (hot springs, acidic, high salt content, guts of ruminant animals)

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Cocci Shape

circular shaped bacteria

Bacilli Shape

Rod/Oval shaped bacteria

Spirilli Shape

spiral shaped bacteria

Diplo-

Two attached bacteria

Strepto-

Long chain or filaments of bacteria

Staphlo-

cluster of bacterial cells

Obligate Aerobes

Bacteria that must have oxygen to survive

facultative anaerobes

bacteria that can survive with or without oxygen

Obligate Anaerobes

Bacteria that can't survive in oxygen

Protozoans

Animal-like protists-amoeba, paramecium

Algae- Plant-like protists examples

Algae-Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, and Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Pyrrophyta

Why are fungus-like protists not fungi?

Have centrioles unlike actual fungus, can move, no chitin in cell walls

Fungus characteristics

Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic, Multicellular except for yeast , hyphae (except yeast), absorption of food, decomposers, chitin in cell walls

Harmful fungus examples

Ringworm, athlete's foot, yeast infections

Zygomycota fungus

Bread mold (rhizopus)

Ascomycota fungus examples

Morels, yeast, penicillium, ringworm

Examples of Basidiomycota Fungus

Mushrooms and shelf fungus

Chytridiomycota Fungus Examples

unique among fungi because they have a motile stage in their life cycle-the zoospores are a single flagellated cell (genus Rhizophidium)

How do fungus get food?

Absorption using hyphae- release enzymes outside of cell, food molecules broken down into smaller molecules that can then be absorbed into cells.

Why aren't viruses considered to be living?

No cell structures

No cell functions

No reproduction without host cell

doesn't have all the characteristics of living organisms

Lytic Cycle

Short virus cycle that quickly destroys host cell.

Lysogenic Cycle

Viral DNA becomes part of host DNA (provirus formation) Remains dormant and viral information is passed on to new cells. Eventually something triggers the virus to become lytic.

Lytic Cycle Virus Examples

Cold virus, flu, ebola

Lysogenic Cycle Virus Examples

HIV, Herpes, Chickenpox

scientific names (binomial nomenclature)

Genus and species level are used for a scientific name

binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells.

Conjugation

bacterial exchange of genes between individual cells- sexual reproduction

Gram-negative bacteria

type of bacteria that stain pink with Gram stain and have a thin cell wall with an outer membrane (capsule)

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall, and no outer membrane (capsule). They stain purple in Gram stain. Easier to treat with antibiotics

Mesophiles

bacteria that grow at moderate temperatures- our body temp included

Thermophiles

bacteria that thrive at high temperatures such as Thermus aquaticus that live in hot springs.

How are bacteria developing drug resistance?

Over prescribing antibiotics when they aren't needed, misuse of antibiotics by individuals not taking the medicine correctly, conjugation- bacteria acquiring resistance genes through sexual reproduction

Basic Structures of Viruses

genome (DNA or RNA), capsid, attachment mechanism

viral envelope

A membrane, derived from membranes of the host cell, that cloaks the capsid, which in turn encloses a viral genome.

Vaccines

used to stimulate an immune response against a pathogen without having to be infected

Main characteristic to classify protozoans is:

type of structure for movement

Main characteristic to classify types of algae is:

color (types of pigments)

Amoeba

A type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia.

Paramecium

A ciliated protist that lives in fresh water.

Trypanosoma

flagellate that causes African sleeping sickness

Plasmodium

sporozoan that causes malaria

Chlorophyta

Green algae

Cellulose cell walls

Unicellular or multicellular

Chlorophyll a and b

Gave rise to plants

Phaeophyta

Brown algae such as kelp

Multicellular

Rhodophyta

red algae

live deeper in the ocean

multicellular

Euglena

has both plant-like (photosynthesizes) and animal-like characteristics (no cell wall, flagella for movement, can be heterotrophic)

Acellular slime molds

slime molds that pass through a stage in which their cells fuse to form one large cell with many nuclei

Cellular slime molds

Types of slime molds that typically exist as individual cells and reproduce with binary fission; during stressful times, many of these cells will come together to form a fruiting body.

water molds

fungus-like protists that are made up of branching strands of cells- live in water or moist environments

Fungal Spores

reproductive cell capable of developing into a new organism (without fusion with another cell-asexual, with fusion from another cell-sexual)