Biology Chris Distel

If your a schreiner student thank a random (HS) freshman for this. Feel free to leave a comment

Biology -

The study of life

All liveing things can do what -

At least one cell
Has a metabolism
Capable of reproducing
Has genetic info dna/rna

Science -

A systematic way to answer questions using evidence/the body of knowledge made up of that evidence

Scientific Method -

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experimental Design, Experiment/Test, Data Analysis, Conclusion

Francesco Redi (1626-1697) -

Disproved spontaneous generation theory

Organization of Life -

Biosphere, Biome, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism, Organ Systems, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Macromolecules, Atoms, Subatomic Particles

Macromolecules -

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Biosphere -

All life on Earth

Biome -

Large regions with similar climate and ecosystems

Ecosystem -

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Community -

All the different species that live and interact in the same area.

Population -

Group of the same species at the same time and same place

Organism -

An individual living thing

Organ Systems -

groups of organs working together

Organs -

Groups of tissues that work together

Tissues -

Groups of similar cells

Cells -

The least complex thing that can be alive

Organells -

Structures inside cells

Atoms -

Smallest unit of matter

Subatomic particles -

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

How do we grow -

By adding more cells

Multicellular organisms -

Animals, Plants, and Fungi

Molecules -

Two or more atoms bonded together

Eukaryotic -

Cells with nucleus, and membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotic -

Lack membrane bound organells including nucleus

Taxonomy -

Doman
Kingdom Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Grenus
Species

3 domains of life -

Eukarya, (everything with nucleus) Bacteria, Archaea

Atoms (made up off) -

Neutrons Protons Electrons

Nuetrons -

No charge

Protons -

positive charge (+)

Electrons -

Negative charge (-)

Protons and Neutrons have -

Mass

Ion -

Any particle with charge

Ionic bond -

Negative and Positive come together

Covalent bond -

Tighter bond

Hydrogen bond -

Very weak bond

The force that holds two atoms together -

Bond

The nucleus of an atom is made up of -

Protons and Neutrons

We are___based life forms -

Carbon

Hydrocarbon chains -

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Endorphins -

Gives you a good feeling by binding with proteins

Morphine -

Opioid

We are made up of -

96.3% Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen

Trace elements -

Tiny amounts of elements needed for health

Monomer-

1 unit

Polymer -

Many units

Dehydration Synthesis -

Covalently bonds monomer into polymer from the removal of water

Glucose and Fructose make -

Sucrose

Sucrose -

Table sugar

Hydrolysis-

Using water to break a bond

Oil-

Liquid at room temperature

Waxes-

Semi solid at room temperature

Fats-

Solid at room temperature

Monoglyceride-

Molecule of glycerol linked to 1 fatty acid

Diglycerides-

Molecule of glycerol linked to 2 fatty acid

Triglycerides-

Molecule of glycerol linked to 3 fatty acid

Saturated fats-

Boned to all possible hydrogen

Unsaturated fats-

Has one or more double bonds

Glycerol-

Bonds with fatty acids

Phospholipid made of-

Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail

Phospholipid bilayer

Made of prospholipids that lets stuff in and out of cells

Primary sex characteristics-

Reproductive organs

Secondary sex characterestics-

Traits that appear at puberty

Enzymes-

Speed up chemical reaction

Protein bonds-

Peptide bonds

Carbohydrates (monomer and polymer)

Monosaccharide, Polysaccharide

Proteins (monomer and polymer)

Amino acids, Polypeptides

Nucleic Acids (monomer and polymer)

Nucleotide, DNA/RNA

Lipids (monomer and polymer)

Glycerol + fatty acids No true polymer (fats, phospholipids, steroids)

Carbohydrates (Examples)

starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

Proteins (Examples)

Hemoglobin, enzymes, keratin, collagen

Nucleic Acids (Examples)

DNA, RNA

Lipids (Examples)

Fats, oils, waxes, Steroids, Phospholipids

Carbohydrates (Function)

Short term energy storage, Quick energy source

Nucleic Acids (Function)

Stores genetic information

Lipids (Function)

Long term energy storage

Primary Structure (Protein)

sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Secondary Structure (Protein)

 Alpha helix coiled structure, Beta pleated sheet folded sheet-like structure

Tertiary Structure (Protein)

3d folding of one polypeptide

Quaternary Structure (Protein)

two or more protein molecules boned together to do there job

A (Adenine) pairs (DNA)

with T (Thymine)

G (Guanine) pairs (DNA) (RNA)

with C (Cytosine)

A (Adenine) pairs (RNA)

with U (Uracil)

3 parts of nucleic acid

Nitrogenous base, sugar (Pentose), Phosphate group

Deoxyribose (DNA sugar)

missing oxygen (stable)

Ribose

has oxygen (less stable)

Nitrogenous bases (DNA)

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T)

Nitrogenous bases (RNA)

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U)

the shape of a protein-

is important to its function

Monosaccharides (1 sugar unit)

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Disaccharides (2 sugars units)

Sucrose, Fructose, Maltose

Polysaccharides (many sugars)

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

Phospholipid (made up of)

glycerol 2 fatty acids phosphate group

Hemoglobin

four over lapping proteins with an iron in the middle

Active site

the part of a protein that can bind with the target molecule

Molecular components

Proteins, amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, sugars, nucleotides, DNA/RNA

Structural components

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

Metabolism

Extracts energy and nutrients from the environment; uses energy and nutrients to build, repair, and replace cellular parts

Plastides

Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts, Leucoplasts (found only in plants)

Chromoplasts

pigments