APUSH Semester 1 Review

Native tribes - Great Plains

nomadic, teepees, travel for food (buffalo)

Native tribes - southwest

irrigation

Native tribes - northwest

fishing, hunting, gathering, totem poles, mountains create division

Native tribes - Eastern Seaboard

fishing, boating

Native tribes - Midwest/Mississippi Region

use river valleys

Las Casas

natives not barbaric and more developed than most, natives deserved better treatment than what they were getting, thought they would be willing and able to learn Gospel, first person to fight for rights of natives

Sepulveda

natives = barbarians, barely human, Spanish = superior to them and doing them a favor by conquering them, thinks they are incapable of common human virtues

Spanish perception of natives

Treat natives as slaves, not human, intermarry

French perception of natives

Trade with natives, hunt beavers fur

English perception of natives

Kick out natives and force them to move west, some trade

Motives for English colonization

* Gold, glory, and God
* Desire to make money (Jamestown)
* Religious freedom (Plymouth)
* New opportunity
* New trade routes
* Glory and wealth from their country, discovery

Jamestown / struggles

* Formed by Virginia Company (joint-stock company), desire to make money
* People not fit to work (higher status young men)
* Not there to form self-government
* Intermix with natives
* Very harsh winter, many starve and die

Early trends in American servitude / slavery

Agriculture = main economy → need for labor → indentured servitude (becomes less popular bc they have nowhere to go after service), African slaves through Triangular Trade (Middle Passage, beginning of segregation, cheap labor), some native slaves (easy for them to escape, know land)

Smith / natives

John Smith meets Pocahontas, introduces Jamestown to tobacco → main cash crop, able to make money and survive

Characteristics of northern colonies

Puritans, no separation of Church and state, small representative governments, subsistence farms (poor soil), trading, fishing, hunting, logging, constant native attacks, people closer together, more wealthy and educated

Characteristics of middle colonies

“melting pot”, good relations with natives, center for trade, equality for genders, freedom of religion, farming

Characteristics of southern colonies

agricultural based, people more spread out, less wealthy, less educated, self-sufficient plantations, cash crops

Fundamental Orders

* First written state constitution, written for Connecticut, set up government structures and established government powers
* Significance: Precedent for future state constitutions and the federal Constitution, used democracy and established powers of government

Puritans

kicked out of England by King (seen as threat to power), wanted to purify Church

Predestination

belief that everything in life has been predetermined by God (Puritans believed in this)

Antinomianism

saved by God’s grace through faith and not through works

Separatist (Pilgrim)

wanted to completely separate from Church of England

Examples of New England dissenters

* Anne Hutchinson: spoke out against Church leaders interpreting Bibles for them→banished to R.I.
* Roger Williams: wanted separation of Church and State → banished to Rhode Island

Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon leads rebellion that burns down Jamestown, reveals sharp class divisions, injustice by king and government, highlights colonists rebellion against royalty

Headright system

Land given to colonists if they paid for passage of another immigrant in colonies, mostly used in Virginia, meant to increase population

Dominion of New England

* Puritans
* Church = state, no separation
* No religious tolerance, question religion → executed to Rhode Island
* High population
* Constant native attacks → confederation, unity, basic self-gov.
* Jamestown: make money, Plymouth: religious freedom

Social development of 17th and 18th century America

* Population growth (immigration and birthrate)
* Great Awakening, rise of religion
* Still connected to England, but American culture rising, growing differences
* Natives driven away
* Colonies developed

Reason for rapid population growth of 1700’s

Immigration, natural reproduction, dependable food supply, abundance of fertile land, need for labor on family farms

Why did Anglican Church suffer in North America?

Sign of English control, people disliked royalty

Causes of French and Indian War

French and British fighting over Ohio River Valley (ORV), previous tension over control of land

Results of French and Indian War

Treaty of Paris - French out of North America, Britain becomes dominant power in N. America and leading naval power in world, proves British aren’t invincible, increases tension between British and colonists (British don’t respect colonists), colonists gain confidence in military strenth, increased unity amongst colonies

Proclamation of 1763

colonists can’t move past Appalachians, war costs a lot of money

Albany Congress

NY, goal is to keep Iroquois tribe loyal, colonial unity against France, led by Franklin, colonists want more freedom but can’t agree on details and British think it’s too much

1st Continental Congress

All colonies (except Georgia) meet in Philadelphia to talk about problems (higher taxes, unfair British laws), Declaration of Rights and other appeals written, The Association formed (boycott British goods), Parliament rejects petitions

2nd Continental Congress

All colonies represented, want to fight for rights (not independence), appeals rejected, raise money for military, select George Washington as head of military

Stamp Act

taxes on basically everything, colonists form Stamp Act Congress but rejected by king (DIRECT)

Sugar Act

increases taxes on sugar imports (INDIRECT)

Quartering Act

colonists must provide food and shelter for British troops

Declaratory Act

British governors have rights over colonists

Townshend Acts

light import tax on certain items, colonists mad because it’s “taxation without representation” (INDIRECT)

Intolerable Acts

rights limited (town meetings banned, curfew, Quartering Acts everywhere), after Boston Tea Party

Boston Port Act

closed harbor until damage from tea party paid

Quebec Act

French people in Quebec gain some rights, colonists annoyed

*Common Sense*

Written by Thomas Paine, radical, bestselling, self-government, corruption of crown, why should Britain control them?, convinced many, precedent for independence and foreign policy, power to people

Declaration of Independence

explains natural human rights and how King George III is limiting these rights, officially separating from England

Mercantilism

wealth = gold, export more than import, colonies provide raw materials for market

Navigation Laws

Only England vessels, everything going to America has to be checked by British first, certain products only go to England, British crown can veto colonial laws

Effects of Navigation Laws

currency shortage in colonies due to British policies, increased smuggling, colonies receive military protection and other benefits from British, limit colonies economically and can’t “come of age”

Terms of Treaty of Paris (after Revolutionary War)

* United States = officially independent
* Open boundaries westward (no more Proc. Line of 1763, get land all the way to Mississippi R.)
* Keep land, Canadians displeased
* Britain’s terms liberal because they want to keep good relations to keep other countries from forming alliances w/ U.S., resume trade and do business w/ one another
* French gets revenge on Britain, but lose a lot of money
* American fortunate and favored in treaty

Republican Motherhood

* Women gain more opportunities and respect in society
* Care for children and leader of household
* Become respected teachers

Federalist

pro-strong central government, richer, northerners, educated, pro-tariffs and internal improvements

Anti-Federalist

against strong central government, states’ rights, poorer, southerners, less educated, against tariffs and internal improvements

Thomas Jefferson beliefs

* Against National Bank
* States’ rights, against strong central government
* Republican
* Believed country would be agricultural based

Alexander Hamilton beliefs

* National Bank
* Expansion westward (pushed natives away)
* Strong central government
* Federalist
* Believed country would become industry based

Strengths of Articles of Confederation

* Successfully divided territories
* Formation of states, Land Ordinances (expanding westward and creating states)
* Stepping stone towards U.S. Constitution

Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation

* Too weak of a central government, too much power in states


* Foreign relation problems
* Couldn’t regulate commerce
* States turning against each other, boundary disputes
* No currency/banking system

Shay’s Rebellion

* Cause: Revolutionary War veterans angry about losing land, debt, taxes after war
* Effects: Shay crushed, but people want stronger central government to protect them against rebellion, everyone agrees that Confederation/Union needs strength, calls for change to Articles

3/5 Clause (North vs. South)

* Issue: Representation, South wants slaves to count as population (even though they can’t vote), North doesn’t
* Compromise: Slave population counts as ⅗

Great Compromise (Small states vs. large states)

* Presidential election through Electoral College
* Electors based on number of senators and house representatives
* Large states have more power in House of Representatives, small states have more power in Senate

Slave trade compromise

* Most states want to end international slave trade
* Compromise: all states end overseas slave trade in their state Constitutions, slave trade can continue until 1807

*Federalist Papers*

* Papers written that promoted Federalist ideas (strong-central government, National Bank)
* Very persuasive, written by Hamilton and other Federalists

Hamilton’s financial plan

* Multiple branches of government to represent people w/ system of checks and balances
* Support national credit, Pushed Congress to assume states’ debt (small states w/ less debt disagree)
* Pay debt w/ costumes duties, which come from tariffs
* Bank of the United States (stimulate business, stabilize currency, private institution, federal Treasury)
* Loose interpretation of Constitution

Alien Law

* President can deport “dangerous” immigrants
* Increases executive power

Sedition Act

* Imprisonment/punishment for harming reputation of government officials and policies
* Completely unconstitutional (freedom of speech and press)
* Expires in 1801 so it couldn’t be used against Federalists, made many people convert to Jeffersonians

Nullification

States ability to override or nullify federal laws

*Marbury v. Madison* Marshall Court decision

* Madison takes away Marbury’s position at last minute → Marbury sues
* Chief Justice Marshall says Judiciary act of 1789 which Marbury based appeal on was unconstitutional


* Established power of judicial review, increased power of Supreme Court

Jefferson’s foreign policies

* Naturalization Law of 1802: only five years (not 14) to become citizen
* Believer in neutrality
* Decreased military funding (save money, maintain peace, avoid foreign wars, distrust standing armies)

Louisiana Purchase

* Bought land from Napoleon, who didn’t need it anymore and didn’t want Britain to take it, unconstitutional but Americans approve
* Explored by Lewis and Clark

Embargo

* Britain issues Orders in Council (at war w/ France) to close ports under French control, Napoleon seizes all merchant ships entering British posts, Americans can’t trade w/ either and being impressed into British military → Embargo Act of 1807
* Jefferson believes Britain and France need American exports, so cutting them off would force them to come to peace
* Embargo Act of 1807: forbade exports of all goods from U.S., embodied idea of “peaceful coercion”, American economy struggled (smuggling)
* People hate it, speak out against it
* Federalist Party revived
* Embargo repealed in 1809 → Non-Intercourse Act: trade with anyone except Britain and France (most important)
* Why did embargo fail? → Britain and France didn’t rely on U.S. trade
* New England benefited from embargo (limited imports → more American made products → more factories and manufacturing)

Hartford Convention

* Right after War of 1812
* Federalist bring complaints, but looked at as insignificant and petty →Federalist power dies as they lose power and popularity

War Hawks

* Southern and westerners, young, anti-Federalist, want war with Britain (angry with impressment and Orders of Council), want to get rid of Indians in west, scared of British arming natives in Canada, Tecumseh and “The Prophet” fight in Battle of Tippecanoe

War of 1812 cause

Caused by British impressment and Orders in Council

War of 1812 results

* Poor military outcome, economy declines due to British blockades
* Other nations gain respect for U.S.
* Revealed disunity, Federalists look bad and party dies
* Increased manufacturing
* Rush-Bagot agreement w/ Canada
* Revived National Bank
* Army and navy expand
* Andrew Jackson becomes hero at Battle of New Orleans

Era of Good Feelings

* President: James Monroe
* Monroe takes tour after he wins election, greeted warmly by “enemy” New England
* Early years = peaceful, but problems of tariffs, bank, internal improvements, public land sales
* Sectionalism increased, more disputes over slavery

Sectionalism

* Growing rivalry between North and South
* Tallmadge Amendment: No slaves in Missouri, gradual freedom of children born to slaves → south angry, Sentate defeats amendment
* People worried about slavery being taken away, but moral questions arise

Missouri Compromise

* Missouri = slave state, Maine becomes independent state
* Future slavery of Louisiana Purchase banned, 36 30’ line
* Gives North and South balance
* Preserved unity, but increased slave dispute
* Did not resolve the problem

Monroe Doctrine

* Monroe gives speech to Congress
* Warning to Europe to stay out of North America
* Noncolonization and nonintervention
* Self-defense, statement of policy
* Expressed nationalism, patriotism, isolationist, warned outside powers to stay away
* U.S. doesn’t want foreign interference

Jacksonian Democracy

* Appeal to “common man”, westerners and southerners
* Campaign towards poor white men, politicians act like they’re “one of them”
* Power to the masses

Tariff Controversy

* Tariffs protect Americans against foreign industry, but increase prices
* North and middle colonies support tariffs, industries booming
* 1828 Jackson imposes very high “black tariff”
* South harmed by tariffs, angry, protest, argue that tariff discriminated against them because everyone prospers while they struggle
* Protest led by South Carolinians
* *The South Carolina Exposition - written by John C. Calhoun that denounced tariff as unjust and unconstitutional, encouraged states to nullify tariff*
* “Nullies” of the south threaten to secede
* Compromise Tariff of 1833, reduces tariff over time
* Force Bill: President can use military to collect tariff duties

Jackson’s native American policies

* Very poor treatment of natives
* Wanted to expand west, but natives in way → Trail of Tears
* Many wanted to civilize natives, Cherokees do, but still get pushed out even after Supreme Ct. trial
* Jackson pushed natives east of Mississippi River westward into established territory, “permanently” free of encroachment

Whig Party

* Whigs formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson
* Want national bank
* Wealthy, northern, more well-educated
* Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun
* Supporters of Henry Clay’s American System (internal improvements, tariffs, national bank)
* Supported active government, public institutions

1840s & 1850s immigration trends

* Huge expansion westward (War w/ Mexico, acquire California and Texas)
* More opportunity
* Increased population due to higher birthrate and immigration
* Railroads, steamboats, canals → more transportation and expansion westward

2nd Great Awakening

* Causes: more educated people speak out to everyone about salvation for all, appeal to emotions rather than reason (transcendentalists), speak out against rationalism
* Impact: revived religion, caused division among Church, sparked social reform (activism)

Transcendentalism

* Transcendentalism: focus on emotions rather than reason
* Leaders: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, George Ripley
* Start of communal experiments (attempt at utopia), temperance, public asylums, public education, better roles for women

Abolitionist leaders of the 1830’s-50’s

Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, John Brown, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth

Impacts of the cotton gin

* Cotton becomes main cash crop in South
* Northern textile industries flourish, rely on cotton from south
* Increases need for labor, revives slavery

Seneca Falls Convention

* Women’s rights convention, expressed grievances about inequality, all men and women are created equal
* Declaration of Sentiments

Manifest Destiny

belief that it is their God-given right and destiny to own land across continent, problems = natives, natural obstacles, Mexico in the way

War with Mexico

* Manifest Destiny → Polk wanted to expand (California) → War with Mexico → American wins and gains half of Mexico’s land →intensified slavery debate in new territories

Civil War causes

* Slavery
* States’ rights (tariffs)
* Election of 1860/Abraham Lincoln
* Dred Scott Decision
* Uncle Tom’s Cabin
* Bleeding Kansas (westward expansion: free vs. slave states)
* Compromise of 1850, which repealed Missouri Compromise
* John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry

Situation of Freedmen after Civil War

* Nowhere to go, no resources, no education, no skills (other than laboring)
* Face racism and discrimination, Black Codes
* Situation almost similar to slavery
* Sharecropping, Crop Lien System

Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan

* Welcoming and peaceful to South
* Grant full rights and suffrage to freedmen
* 10% Plan

Johnson’s Reconstruction plan

* Based off of Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan
* Do not give rights and suffrage to freedmen
* Removed Freedmen’s Bureau
* Against Radical Republicans, vetoes Congress plans
* After impeachment, had little power over Reconstruction

Black Codes

* Southern resistance to 14th amendment
* Limited rights of freedmen and freedwomen
* Attempt to maintain labor force

Resolutions from Hartford Convention

helped cause the death of the Federalist Party

Henry Clay’s call for federally funded roads and canals received wholehearted endorsement from

the West

Those who opposed the American System's’ federally constructed roads did so in part because

they didn’t want federal funds used for state projects

With the demise of the Federalist party

the Democratic-Republicans established a one-party rule

Major cause of Panic of 1819

over speculation of frontier lands

One demand made by West to help it grow

the increased printing of “cheap money” or paper currency