Lecture 3 - neurons, glia, membrane potentials

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56 Terms

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multicellular organisms require - to coordinate body functions and respond to the environment

signalling mechanisms

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chemical signals travel via the

endocrine system

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chemical signals include

hormones

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electrical signals travel via the

nervous system

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electrical signals travel along - in a cell to cell fashion

neurons

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both chemical and electrical signals travel - to reach target cells, but in neuronal pathway there is a - between the neuron and target cell

long distances, direct cell to cell connection

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endocrine system usually leads to

slower, more sustained responses

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multiple sclerosis is when the

myelin sheath is degrading

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afferent neurons are sensory neurons

conduct action potentials towards the CNS

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efferent neurons are motor neurons

conduct action potentials away from the CNS to the organs

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interneurons conduct action potentials - in the

between neurons, CNS

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glial cells are more - than neurons

abundant

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glial cells do not - and do not form - w neurons

generate or conduct AP, synapses

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glial cells are non-neuronal cells that maintain -, form -, provide -

homeostasis, myelin, support and protection

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schwann cell

a type of glial cell, forms myelin on motor and sensory neurons

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oligodendrocyte

type of glial cell, forms myelin on neurons in CNS

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astrocyte

type of glial cell, transport nutrients, remove debris in CNS

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glial cells hold neurons in -, supply -, insulate -, destroy - and remove -

place, nutrients and oxygen, one neuron from another, pathogens, dead neurons

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microglia

type of glial cell, removes debris and dead cells from CNS

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ependymal cells

line fluid-filled cavities of CNS

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white matter are

nerve axons that are mostly myelinated

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grey matter is mostly

neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons and glial cells

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white matter does what

transmits signals to grey matter

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grey matter does what

processes information

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neuronal membrane serves as barrier between

cytosol and extracellular fluid

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neuronal membrane is embedded with

proteins that form channels and pumps

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- varies in different parts of neuron

protein composition

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  • of neuronal membrane determines signals

membrane properties

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three types of membrane transport

passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

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gated ion channels change - of membrane to certain ions

permeability

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voltage gated ion channels open or close in response to

change in membrane potential

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ligand gated ion channels open when

specific regulatory molecule binds

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mechanogated ion channels open or close inn response to changes in

cytoskeleton with which they are interacting

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sodium potassium ATPase pumps - the cell, both against gradient to maintain -

3 sodium ions out while pumping 2 potassium ions inside, resting membrane potential

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gradients are a form of energy storage,

potential energy

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uncharged molecules across a membrane can only form a

chemical gradient

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charged molecules can form

electrochemical gradients

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all transport processes affect -, some transport processes affect -

chemical gradients, electrical gradients

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electroneutral carriers transport - molecules or exchange an -

uncharged, equal number of particles with the same charge

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electrogenic carriers transfer a

charge

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membrane potential is a difference in

charge inside and outside the cell membrane due to ion concentration gradients formed by active transport

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two main functions of the membrane potential:

provide - for -, and changes in membrane potential are used by cells in

energy, membrane transport, cell-cell signalling

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electrical potential difference across membrane exactly balances the

concentration gradient

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ion diffuses down its concentration gradient until a charge gradient is built up that exactly counterbalances the chemical gradient, resulting in an equilibirum at which there is

no further net movement of the ion

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  • at which the ion is at electrochemical equilibrium

Eion is the Vm

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membrane potential is the difference in - between -

electrical potential, interior and exterior of a cell

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goldman equation accounts for varying

ion permeability and multiple ion gradients

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the gradients of sodium and potassium across the cell membrane largely determine the

resting membrane potential

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factors that contribute to membrane potential

distribution, permeability, and charges of ions

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when voltage-gated channels are closed, the membrane is much more permeable to

K+ than to Na+

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changes in membrane potential act as - signals

electrical

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neurons depolarize or hyperpolarize by selectively altering membrane - via -

permeability, ion channels

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gated ion channels that open or close in response to a stimulus is an example of

ligand gated ion channels

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depolarization is when cell becomes more - on the inside, if - ions enter

positive, Na

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hyperpolarization is when cell becomes more - on the inside, if - ions leave

negative, K

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at rest, all gated ion channels are

closed