Endocrinology Hormones

GH

Stimulates secretion of growth factors that promote growth, protein synthesis, and tissue repair.

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

(TSH located in anterior pituitary) Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid.

Prolactin

Promotes milk production my mammary glands

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Stimulates glucocorticoid secretion (mainly cortisol) by the adrenal cortex.

Melnanocyte- Stimulating Hormone

Stimulates melanocytes of skin to increase melanin production in face and abdomen

LH

(located in anterior pituitary) Simulates the Ovaries stimulate ovulation, Testes stimulate testosterone production

FSH

Ovaries initiate development of follicles to produce mature Oocytes(ova) which secrete estrogen, Testes stimulate sperm production

Oxytocin

During and after delivery of baby affects uterus and breasts, enhances smooth muscle contraction in wall of uterus, stimulates milk EJECTION from mammary glands, may also be responsible for sexual pleasure during and after intercourse in both sexes.

ADH

Decreases urine production by causing kidneys to return more water to the blood, decreases water lost through sweating and vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure.

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Increase BMR, stimulate protein synthesis, increase use of glucose, and increase fatty acids for ATP production.

Calcitonin

(located in thyroid gland) Lowers blood Ca2+ by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts. Control of this hormone is regulated by amounts of calcium in the blood.

PTH

Elevates bone resorption by increasing number and activity of osteoclasts. Targets bones, kidney, and small intestines. Major regulator of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions in blood. antagonistic to calcatonin.

Aldosterone (mineralcorticoids release)

(located in adrenal gland) Helps adjust blood pressure, Helps adjust blood volume, Promotes excretion of H+ ions thus helping prevent acidosis, affects mineral homeostasis.

Cortisol (glucocorticoids release)

(located in adrenal gland) Plays a role in metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbs, among other functions.

Gonadocorticoids (androgens are sex hormones)

(located in adrenal gland)

Testosterone- has masculinizing effects at age of puberty within males. Reduced effects once male reaches adulthood.

In females, is responsible for sex drive and converts to Testosterone and then to estrogen after menopause.

Progesterone

(located in ovaries) Regulate female reproductive cycle, regulate oogenesis, maintain pregnancy, prepare mammary glands for lactation, maintain female secondary sex characteristics.

Inhibin (in ovaries)

Inhibits secretion of FSH

Relaxin

(located in ovaries) Produced during pregnancy, relaxes the pubic synthesis.

Testosterone

(located in testes) Regulates spermatogensis, maintains male secondary sex characteristics, stimulates decent of testes before birth.

Inhibin (in testes)

Inhibits secretion of FSH

Melatonin

(located in pineal gland) Contributes to setting biological clock, protects tissues from free radicals, maintains daily physiological changes known as circadium rhythm.

thymosins

Thymosin, Thymic Humoral Factor(THF), Thymic Factor(TF), and Thymopoietin. All involved in T cell maturation.

The pancreas is...

both and exocrine and endocrine gland.

Acinar Cells

Exocrine pancreas (99%)

Islets of Langerhans

Endocrine portion of Pancreas (1%)

Alpha Cells

Secrete glucagon-raises blood sugar

Beta Cells

Secrete Insulin- lowers blood sugar

Delta Cells

Secrete somatostatin- inhibits both insulin and glucagon.

F Cells

Secrete pancreatic polypeptide- inhibits somatostatin, gallbladder contraction, secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes.

Diabetes Mellitus

Characterized by glucose concentrations high enough to overwhelm kidney reabsorption.

Hyperglycemia-Abnormally high blood glucose

Glycosuria- Glucose in urine

Polusuria- Excessive urine production

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin dependent, inadaquate insulin production from Beta cells. Individuals must recieve insulin daily. only 5%- 10% of all diabetes cases. Often delvelops in childhood.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Non-insulin dependent, normal insulin levels but target cells do not respond properly(insulin resistant). Associated with obesity, can be treated with diet, exercise, and drugs. 90% of all cases.

Stress

Any physical or emotional condition that threatens homeostasis.

Two tyoes of stress are...

Eustress (helpful) and Distress(harmful)

The three phases of stress are...

Alarm phase- Initial flight of fight

Resistance phase- Slower resistance reaction

Exhaustion phase- Eventually exhaustion

Giantism

Anterior pituitary gland disorder, hypersecretion of GH (human growth hormone) during growth years.

-Abnormal increase in length of long bones.

-Person grows to be very tall

- Body proportions are normal

Pituitary Dwarfism

Anteriot pituitary gland disorder, hyposecretion of hGH during growth years.

-Slows bone growth

-Epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached.

-No mental effects

Acromegaly

Anterior pituitary gland disorder, Hypersecretion of GH after the epiphyseal plates have fused.

-Bones of hands, feet, cheeks, jaws thicken.

-Eyelids, lips, tongue, nose enlarge.

-Skin thickens and develops furrows, especially on forehead and soles.

Diabetes Insipidus

Posterior pituitary gland disorder, Excretion of large volumes of urine resulting in dehydration and extreme thirst. Defect in ADH receptors or the inability to secrete ADH.

Cretinism

Thyroid gland disorder, Congential hypothyroidism which results from thyroid hormone insufficiency in infancy.

-Mental retardation

-Stunted bone growth

Myxedema

Thyroid gland disorder, Hypothyroidism during adult years.

- Edeme- looks puffy

-Low body temp

-General lethargy

-Muscular weakness

Graves Disease

Thyroid gland disorder, Hyperthyroidism.

-Autoimmune disorder

-Antibodies mimic action of TSH which continually stimulate the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid homones.

-Symptoms include anxiety, irritability, fatigue, rapid heartbeat, tremors of the hands, weight loss, and edema behind eyes (eyes protrude)

Goiter

Thyroid gland disorder, enlarged thyroid gland. Which is associated with thyroid hypo of hyper secretion due to nutritional iodine deficency.

-Low levels of thyroid hormones in the blood stimulate the secretion of TSH which in turn causes the thyroid gland to enlarge.

Hypoparathyroidism

Parathyroid gland disorder, deficiency in blood calcium. Causing abnormal depolarization, thus producing action potentials.

-Leads to abnormal twitches,spasms and tetany of skeletal muscle.

Hyperparathyroidism

Parathyroid gland disorder, usually a tumor causing elevated levels of blood calcium.

-Bones become soft and easily fractured.

- High calcium levels promote kidney stones.

Cushing Disease

Adrenal gland disorder, hypersecretion of glucocorticoids.

-Excessive amounts of ACTH, which stimulates excessive secretion of cortisol which causes redistribution of body fat, hanging abdomen, moon face, stretch marks, mood swings, bruises easily, hypertention, weakness.

Addisons Disease

Adrenal gland disorder, hyposecretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

-Autoimmune disorder.

-Antibodies cause adrenal cortex destruction or blocking ACTH receptors.

-Mental lethargy, nausea, muscualr weakness, weight loss, arrhythmias, bronzed appearance.