PubHealth Practice Question (PPT)

Proverbs 16:3

A. To provide a bridge between scientific evidence and decision-making in healthcare policy

What is the primary objective of Health Technology Assessment?

A. To provide a bridge between scientific evidence and decision-making in healthcare policy

B. To maximize the profits of pharmaceutical companies through market access

C. To ensure that every new technology is immediately available to all citizens

D. To replace clinical judgment with automated algorithms for patient care

C. The difference in costs to the difference in health outcomes between two interventions

In the context of HTA, what does the Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) represent?

A. The total cost of a new treatment over a five year period

B. The percentage of patients who experience a side effect compared to a placebo

C. The difference in costs to the difference in health outcomes between two interventions

D. The profit margin a pharmacy makes on a specific specialty medication

A. Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA)

Which type of economic evaluation measures outcomes in terms of Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs)?

A. Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA)

B. Cost-Minimization Analysis (CMA)

C. Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

D. Cost Illness Analysis

A. The process of withdrawing or restricting access to technologies that are no longer cost-effective

In HTA, what does the term "Disinvestment" refer to?

A. The process of withdrawing or restricting access to technologies that are no longer cost-effective

B. When a pharmaceutical company stops researching a specific drug molecule

C. A reduction in the total national healthcare budget by the government

D. Selling off hospital infrastructure to private investors

A. Cost Minimization Analysis

Which economic evaluation method is most appropriate when comparing a brand name drug to a biosimilar with identical clinical outcomes?

A. Cost Minimization Analysis

B. Cost Utility Analysis

C. Cost Benefit Analysis

D. Budget Impact Analysis

A. Systematic reviews use a pre-defined transparent, and reproducible methodology to minimize bias

Which of these is a key difference between a Systematic Review and a traditional Literature Review in HTA?

A. Systematic reviews use a pre-defined transparent, and reproducible methodology to minimize bias

B. Systematic reviews only include studies funded by the government

C. Systematic reviews exclude all qualitative data

D. Traditional reviews are always longer and more detailed

D. To assess the affordability and financial consequences of adopting a technology within a specific healthcare setting

What is the purpose of a "Budget Impact Analysis" (BIA) in an HTA report?

A. To determine the long term societal value of a treatment over a lifetime

B. To compare the clinical efficacy of two different surgical procedures

C. To calculate the global market share of a new medical device

D. To assess the affordability and financial consequences of adopting a technology within a specific healthcare setting

D. A measure that combines both the quantity and quality of life gained from an intervention

What is a Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY)?

A. The number of years a drug remains under patent protection

B. The total time a pharmacist spends counseling a patient on a new technology

C. A clinical score used exclusively to measure blood pressure improvements

D. A measure that combines both the quantity and quality of life gained from an intervention

D. A state equivalent to being dead

In the context of QALYs, what does a utility score of 0 typically represent?

A. Chronic pain that is manageable with medication

B. Perfect health

C. A 100% chance of recovery

D. A state equivalent to being dead

B. Because it shows a drug performs in diverse patient populations outside of strict trial conditions

Why is Real World Experience (RWE) increasingly important in pharmacy-led HTA?

A. Because it eliminates the need for any economic modeling

B. Because it shows a drug performs in diverse patient populations outside of strict trial conditions

C. Because it is required by law for every generic drug approval

D. Because it is easier to collect data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs)

B. Organizational Impact

A hospital pharmacy committee is deciding whether to add a new antibiotic to the formulary. Which dimension of HTA considers the need for specialized cold-chain storage?

A. Economic utility

B. Organizational Impact

C. Clinical Effectiveness

D. Equity and Ethics

A. Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses

Which level of evidence is generally considered the highest in the HTA hierarchy?

A. Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses

B. Case Series

C. Expert Opinion

D. Single-center Observational Studies

A. The drug may be rejected or restricted to a specific subgroup

If a new drug has an ICER of PhP200,000 per QALY and the payer's threshold is PhP50,000 per QALY, what is most likely HTA outcome?

A. The drug may be rejected or restricted to a specific subgroup

B. The drug will be approved for all patients immediately

C. The QALY metric will be ignored in favor of the drug's popularity

D. The manufacturer will be forced to give the drug away for free

A. CEA uses natural units, while CUA uses generic units

What is the primary difference between a Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) and Cost Utility Analysis (CUA)?

A. CEA uses natural units, while CUA uses generic units

B. CEA only looks at cost, while CUA only looks at utility

C. There is no difference, they are interchangeable items

D. CEA is performed by pharmacists, while CUA is performed by doctors

D. the manufacturer may be required to provide a refund or discount to the payer.

In a Managed Entry Agreement, what typically happens if a drug does not meet its clinical targets in the real world?

A. The pharmacist is held legally responsible for the failure

B. The drug is immediately banned from the country

C. Patients are required to pay back the cost of their treatment

D. the manufacturer may be required to provide a refund or discount to the payer.

B. Equity and Ethics

Which HTA dimension evaluates whether a new drug might disproportionately benefit wealthy patients over marginalized populations?

A. Economic Utility

B. Equity and Ethics

C. Safety and Efficacy

D. Legal and Regulatory Impact

A. The point of view from which costs and benefits are calculated (payer vs. societal).

What is meant by the "Perspective" of an HTA study?

A. The point of view from which costs and benefits are calculated (payer vs. societal).

B. The physical angle at which a pharmacist views a patient during a consultation

C. The political leaning of the government body conducting the assessment

D. The patient's psychological outlook on their chronic condition

B. Societal perspective

Which perspective is usually considered the broadest in economic evaluations?

A. Payer perspective

B. Societal perspective

C. Provider perspective

D. Patient perspective

D. the uncertainty regarding input parameters and their effect on the final results.

What does a "Sensitivity Analysis" help to address in HTA models?

A. the lack of clinical trials for a specific drug.

B. the ethical concerns of the patient population.

C. the physical sensitivity of patients to the drugs side effects

D. the uncertainty regarding input parameters and their effect on the final results.

D. identifying new and emerging health technologies before they are widely accepted

Which of the following describes the Horizon Scanning process in HTA?

A. The final step of an HTA where the decision is announced.

B. Measuring the distance a patient travels to received specialized care.

C. Reviewing technologies that have been on the market for over 20 years.

D. identifying new and emerging health technologies before they are widely accepted

C. North-West Quadrant

In a Cost Effectiveness Plane, which quadrant represents a technology that is both more expensive and less effective (and should be rejected)?

A. South-West Quadrant

B. North-East Quadrant

C. North-West Quadrant

D. South-East Quadrant

B. To allow stakeholders to discuss evidence and value judgments to reach a consensus decision.

What is the primary role of Deliberative Processes in HTA?

A. To speed up the approval process by bypassing systematic reviews.

B. To allow stakeholders to discuss evidence and value judgments to reach a consensus decision.

C. To automate the calculation of the ICER.

D. To calculate the statistical p-value of a clinical trial.

D. productivity loss for a caregiver who must take time off work to assist the patient

Which of the following is an example of an Indirect Cost in a Societal perspective HTA?

A. the cost of the drug's packaging and labeling

B. the salary of the pharmacist dispensing the medication

C. the electricity used to run the hospital's MRI machine perspective

D. productivity loss for a caregiver who must take time off work to assist the patient

C. Setting a drug's price based on the average price of similar drugs in the same therapeutic class.

What is Reference Pricing in the context of pharmacy-related HTA?

A. A discount given to pharmacists who reference specific research papers in their formulary requests

B. The price listed in a medical textbook for a generic medication

C. Setting a drug's price based on the average price of similar drugs in the same therapeutic class.

D. Using the price of a drug in the year it was first discovered

A. Because the lower cost of the biosimilar changes the Standard of Care cost effectiveness for the whole class.

When a biosimilar enter the market, why might a national HTA body re evaluate the entire therapeutic class instead of just the new drug?

A. Because the lower cost of the biosimilar changes the Standard of Care cost effectiveness for the whole class.

B. To increase the administrative burden on pharmacists

C. To ensure the patent for the original biologic is still valid

D. Because biosimilars have different molecular structures that require new meta analyses

B. reduction in physician workload and ER wait times.

In a hospital setting, if a pharmacist uses HTA to justify a "Pharmacist-led Anticoagulation Clinic", which outcome is a primary Non-clinical factor?

A. decreased incidence of stroke

B. reduction in physician workload and ER wait times.

C. Improved patient adherence to warfarın

D. Reduction in patient INR fluctuation

A. All costs and health consequences for the remainder of the patient's life.

If an HTA model is described as having a Lifetime Horizon, what is it specifically trying to capture?

A. All costs and health consequences for the remainder of the patient's life.

B. The duration of the drugs patent life

C. The time it takes for a pharmacy student to become a licensed pharmacist

D. the amount of time the drug remains stable on the pharmacy shelf

B. monetary units (e.g., dollars or peso).

A Cost Benefit Analysis is unique because it measures health outcomes in which unit?

A. natural units (e.g., blood pressure)

B. monetary units (e.g., dollars or peso).

C. Utility units (e.g., QALYs)

D. percentage of cured patients

D. To align the price of medicine with the clinical and economic value it provides to patient and the system

29. What is the main goal of Value-based Pricing?

A. To allow pharmaceutical companies to change whatever they want without oversight

B. To ensure that all drugs in the same class have exactly the same price

C. To set the price of a drug based on its manufacturing and distribution costs

D. To align the price of medicine with the clinical and economic value it provides to patient and the system.

A. To provide expertise on drug administration, patient adherence, and the practicalities of medicine use in the real world.

What is the primary role of a pharmacist in a national HTA committee?

A. To provide expertise on drug administration, patient adherence, and the practicalities of medicine use in the real world.

B. To negotiate the final stock price of the pharmaceutical company

C. To act a sales representative for the new technology

D. To perform the surgery if the drug being assessed is an anesthetic

B. QALY

Used to measure the utility or quality of life gained

A. P&T Committee

B. QALY

C. Horizon

D. Threshold

A. P&T Committee

The local body that usually implements HTA findings

A. P&T Committee

B. QALY

C. Horizon

D. Threshold

D. Threshold

Used to decide if an ICER is acceptable

A. P&T Committee

B. QALY

C. Horizon

D. Threshold

C. Horizon

Long term versus short term cost impacts

A. P&T Committee

B. QALY

C. Horizon

D. Threshold

C. Use of an appropriate comparison group

Which do you think will reflect the hallmark feature of an analytical epidemiologic study?

A. Laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis

B. Publication in peer-reviewed journal

C. Use of an appropriate comparison group

D. Statistical analysis using regression

C. A shared drug exposure

What is a cohort?

A. The part of the eye that detects light

B. A type of heart valve

C. A shared drug exposure

D. A person who works in pharmacy

B. Errors in how data is collected, measured or classified.

What is information bias?

A. Having too much information to read.

B. Errors in how data is collected, measured or classified.

C. When a researcher hides information from the public.

D. A bias caused by reading too many newspaper

C. The FDA's most serious warning for drugs with significant risks of serious or life-threatening adverse effects

What is a Black Box Warning?

A. A warning about drugs that can only be used in the dark.

B. A warning that drug is out of stock.

C. The FDA's most serious warning for drugs with significant risks of serious or life-threatening adverse effects

D. A warning that the drug is black

B. Improve author conclusion for different groups

Importance of demographics in clinical trials:

A. Can apply statistics

B. Improve author conclusion for different groups

C. Clinical trial bias is increased

D. Author has less information to review

C. Case control studies

A snapshot of a drug use at a single point in time.

A. Cohort studies

B. Cross sectional studies

C. Case control studies

D. Case series

B. Agent, host, environment

The epidemiologic triad of disease causation refers to:

A. Time, place, person

B. Agent, host, environment

C. Source, mode of transmission, susceptible host

D. John Snow, Robert Koch, Jonas Salk

B. The use and effects of drugs in large populations.

Pharmacoepidemiology is best defined as the study of:

A. The effects of drugs on individual patients in a clinical setting.

B. The use and effects of drugs in large populations.

C. The biochemical mechanism of drug action.

D. The process of drug discovery and development.

A. Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) for efficacy

Which of the following is considered "Phase IV" study?

A. Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) for efficacy

B. Post-marketing surveillance

C. Animal toxicity testing

D. First-in-human dose-escalation study

C. It is more efficient for studying rare outcomes.

What is the primary advantage of a Case-Control study over a Cohort study?

A. It can establish direct incidence rates.

B. It is less prone to recall bias.

C. It is more efficient for studying rare outcomes.

D. It eliminates the need for a control group.

B. Relative Risk (RR).

In a cohort study, the primary measure of association is usually the:

A. Odds Ratio (OR).

B. Relative Risk (RR).

O. P-value.

D. Number Needed to Treat (NNT).

B. Cross-sectional study.

A study follows 1,000 patients taking a new anticoagulant and 1,000 taking aspirin for two years to compare gastrointestinal bleeding rates. This is a:

A. Case-control study.

B. Cross-sectional study.

C. Cohort study.

D. Case-series.

C. Case-control.

Recall bias is most commonly found in which study design?

A. Prospective cohort.

B. Randomized Controlled Trial.

C. Case-control.

D. Meta-analysis

B. Dose-dependent and predictable from pharmacology.

The "Type A" adverse drug reaction (ADR) is characterized as:

A. Idiosyncratic and unpredictable.

B. Dose-dependent and predictable from pharmacology.

C. Occurring only after long-term use.

D. Related to genetic mutations only.

B. Check if the codes in a database accurately reflect the clinical diagnosis.

Validation studies in pharmacoepidemiology are used to:

A. Ensure the drug is potent.

B. Check if the codes in a database accurately reflect the clinical diagnosis.

C. Confirm that the patient paid for the drug.

D. Speed up the FDA approval process.

B. Meta analysis

A researcher follows 10,000 patients taking Drug A and 10,000 patients taking drug B for 2 years to see who develops kidney disease. This is an example of what study?

A. Case control study

B. Meta analysis

C. Case series

D. Cohort study

B. Analysis of pharmacy insurance claims data over five years

Considered as Real World Evidence rather than clinical trial:

A. In vitro testing of drug receptor binding

B. Analysis of pharmacy insurance claims data over five years

C. A study of health volunteers to determine drug metabolism

D. A phase III double blind, placebo-controlled trial

C. Identifying potential causal association between a drug and an adverse event

In pharmacovigilance, what does the term "Signal Detection" refer to?

A. Testing the chemical purity of a batch in a lab.

B. Measuring the serum concentration of a drug in an individual patient.

C. Identifying potential causal association between a drug and an adverse event

D. The process of calculating the precise cost of drug therapy

C. Case control study

Which study design is characterized by starting with the outcome and looking backward to determine exposure!

A. Cross sectional study

B. Cohort study

C. Case control study

D. Randomized controlled trial

A. To monitor long term safety and effectiveness in the real world.

What is the primary objective of Phase IV clinical trials?

A. To monitor long term safety and effectiveness in the real world.

B. To establish the safety and dosage in healthy volunteers.

C. To determine if a drug is better than a placebo in a small group of patients.

D. To confirm efficacy and safety before FDA approval.

C. The risk of the side effect is twice as high in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group.

If a study reports a Relative Risk of 2.0 for a drug causing a side effect, how is this interpreted?

A. The side effect occurs in exactly 2% of the population.

B. The drug reduces the risk of the side effect by 50%.

C. The risk of the side effect is twice as high in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group.

D. There is no difference in the risk between the groups.

A.One must treat 50 patients to prevent one additional negative outcome.

In a study, the Number Needed to Treat (NNT) is found to be 50. What does this mean?

A.One must treat 50 patients to prevent one additional negative outcome.

B. The drug must be taken for at least 50 days to be effective.

C. The study included 50 participants in the treatment arm.

D. 50% of the population will experience a side effect.

C. Incidence measures new cases over time, while prevalence measures all cases at a point in time.

What is the primary difference between incidence and prevalence?

A. Incidence measures total cases, while prevalence measures only new cases.

B. Incidence is used for drugs, while prevalence is used for vaccines.

C. Incidence measures new cases over time, while prevalence measures all cases at a point in time.

D. Incidence is always higher than prevalence.

C. Case control study

Which study design is best for studying very rare adverse drug reactions?

A. Cohort study

B. Cross sectional study

C. Case control study

D. Randomized controlled trial

D. Acute events with a short term, transient exposure (heart attack after taking a drug)

A case crossover study design is most effective for studying which type of event?

A. Genetic predisposition to drug toxicity

B. Chronic diseases that develop over decades

C. Comparing the efficacy of two different maintenance medication

D. Acute events with a short term, transient exposure (heart attack after taking a drug)

B. The ability to penalize the study results to a broader population

What does External Validity refer to in pharmacoepidemiology study?

A. The consistency of the results when the study is repeated.

B. The ability to penalize the study results to a broader population

C. The statistical significance of the primary outcome.

D. The accuracy of the data collected within the study.

A. Using mathematical models to estimate the long term costs and outcomes of different drug therapies

What is pharmacoeconomic modeling?

A. Using mathematical models to estimate the long term costs and outcomes of different drug therapies

B. The process of setting the retail price of a drug.

C. A way to predict the future stock price of a drug company.

D. Determining which drugs are most frequently prescribed in hospital.

C. To estimate the upper 95% confidence limit of a risk when zero events occur in N subjects.

What is the Rule of Three used for?

A. To define the minimum number of drugs in a triple therapy regimen.

B. To determine the half-life of a drug.

C. To estimate the upper 95% confidence limit of a risk when zero events occur in N subjects.

D. To calculate appropriate pediatric dose.

D. Periodic Adverse Drug Experience Report

Which document must a manufacturer submit to the FDA to provide updated safety summaries after a drug is approved?

A. Material Safety Data Sheet

B. New Drug Application

C. Investigational New Drug Application

D. Periodic Adverse Drug Experience Report

A. Meta analysis

Which term describes a study that summarizes the results of multiple independent studies using statistical methods?

A. Meta analysis

B. Systematic review

C. Case series

D. Literature review

B. The observed difference is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone.

What does a P value < 0.05 typically mean?

A. The drug has a 5% chance of being toxic

B. The observed difference is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone.

C. The drug is 95% effective

D. Exactlv 5% of the study population

C. Adalimumab

Which of these is a biologic product?

A. Metformin

B. Lisinopril

C. Adalimumab

D. Aspirin

B. The Data Privacy Act of 2012 (RA 10173)

Which Philippine law is the primary regulation we must follow when handling patient data in a Pharmacy Information System?

A. The Generics Act of 1988

B. The Data Privacy Act of 2012 (RA 10173)

C. The Cybercrime Prevention Act

B. Dose Error Reduction System (DERS)

In a "Smart Pump," what is the name of the software library that prevents a nurse from accidentally giving a 10x overdose?

A. BCMA

B. Dose Error Reduction System (DERS)

C. Cloud Logic

A. Because they might ignore a life-threatening drug interaction due to too many minor warnings.

Why is "Alert Fatigue" a specific concern for Filipino pharmacists in high-volume settings?

A. Because they might ignore a life-threatening drug interaction due to too many minor warnings.

B. Because the computer batteries die too quickly.

C. Because patients don't like waiting for alerts to load.

B. Clinical Decision Support

A system that flags a potential interaction between Warfarin and Aspirin at the time of prescribing is an example of:

A. Telepharmacy

B. Clinical Decision Support

C. Inventory management

D. Blockchain

B. Clinicians ignoring important warnings due to the high volume of insignificant alerts.

"Alert Fatigue" in pharmacoinformatics refers to:

A. A hardware failure in the pharmacy server.

B. Clinicians ignoring important warnings due to the high volume of insignificant alerts.

C. A pharmacist becoming tired during a long shift.

D. The slow processing speed of old computers.

C. Reducing errors caused by illegible handwriting.

Which of the following is a key benefit of e-Prescribing?

A. Eliminating the need for pharmacists.

B. Increasing the use of paper files.

C. Reducing errors caused by illegible handwriting.

D. Automatically curing the patient's condition.

B. Barcode Medication Administration

In a "Closed-loop medication administration" system, what is typically used to ensure the "right patient" and "right drug"?

A. Voice recognition

B. Barcode Medication Administration

C. AI chatbots

D. Manual ledger

B. An alert that prevents the user from proceeding with the order unless the issue is resolved or the order is changed

What is a "Hard Stop" alert in a pharmacy system?

A. A notification that can be easily bypassed by the user.

B. An alert that prevents the user from proceeding with the order unless the issue is resolved or the order is changed.

C. A system crash.

D. A reminder to take a lunch break.

B. In silico modeling

The use of computers to stimulate drug-receptor interactions is known as:

A. Pharmacokinetics

B. In silico modeling

C. In vivo testing

D. Retail pharmacy

A. Pharmacogenomics

Which field focuses specifically on how an individual's genetic makeup affects their response to drugs?

A. Pharmacogenomics

B. Pharmacoeconomics

C. Pharmacoepidemiology

D. Pharmacognosy

B. Extract patterns and knowledge from large sets of pharmacy and health data.

In large-scale data analysis, "Data Mining" is used to:

A. Manually type patient notes.

B. Extract patterns and knowledge from large sets of pharmacy and health data.

C. Physically mine minerals for drug fillers.

D. Delete old patient records to save space.

B. To provide a formal naming and definition of the categories, properties, and relations between data.

What is the role of an "Ontology" in informatics?

A. To study the history of medicine.

B. To provide a formal naming and definition of the categories, properties, and relations between data.

C. To encrypt patient passwords.

D. To manage pharmacy payroll.

A. Predict the biological activity of a molecule based on its chemical structure.

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models are used to:

A. Predict the biological activity of a molecule based on its chemical structure.

B. Count the number of pills in a bottle.

C. Track the delivery truck's GPS.

D. Schedule pharmacist shifts.

B. PharmGKB

Which database is considered the "gold standard" for genetic variations and their effects on drug response

A. PubMed

B. PharmGKB

C. ClinicalTrials.gov

D. Wikipedia

A. a verifiable electronic or digital signature of the physician

Under FDA Circular No. 2020-007, what is the primary technical requirement for a digital prescription to be considered legally valid for dispensing in a Philippine pharmacy?

A. a verifiable electronic or digital signature of the physician

B. A high resolution photo of the doctor holding their

PRC ID

C. The use of specific government branded mobile applicationClinicalTrials.gov

D. The inclusion of the patients thumbprint on the digital file

A. Health Level Seven (HL7)

Which standard messaging protocols is used to ensure that a Pharmacy Information System (PIS) can communicate with a hospital Laboratory Information System (LIS) in the Philippines?

A. Health Level Seven (HL7)

B. RxNorm

C. DICOM

D. HTTP/HTTPS

A. Food and Drug Administration

Which Philippine Agency regulates the technical standards and safety of "Software as a Medical Device" including advanced pharmacy informatics tool?

A. Food and Drug Administration

B. Professional Regulation Commission

C. Department of Information and Communication Technology

D. National Privacy Commission

D. Automated Dispensing Cabinet

Which system would be used in high-volume Manila hospital to securely store and dispense narcotics at the nursing station while tracking every tablet used?

A. Electronic Medication Administration

Record

B. Refrigerated centrifuge

C. Pneumatic tube system

D. Automated Dispensing Cabinet

C. Population Health Analytics

When a Philippine DOH Hospital uses "Big Data" to map out areas with high antibiotic resistance across different regions, they are primarily performing:

A. Pharmacy Inventory Control

B. Hardware Maintenence

C. Population Health Analytics

D. Individual Precision Medicine