human parasitology-23 arthropods

arthropodization

the appearance of appendages with sclerotization or tanning and separated by a ring of unsclerotized cuticles distinguish arthropods from organisms with soft cuticles

arthropod structure

have endocuticle, exocuticle, epicuticle, cuticle made of chitin

arthropodization

the appearance of appendages with sclerotization or tanning and separated by a ring of unsclerotized cuticles distinguish arthropods from organisms with soft cuticles

arthropod structure

have endocuticle, exocuticle, epicuticle, cuticle made of chitin

chitin

linear polysaccharide n acetyl glucosamine forming microfibril, second most abundant polysaccharide

arthropods phylum

part of superphylum ecdysozoa, pancrustacea, hexapods, insecta

arthropods

total 7 million species, 5.5 mill insects, 1.5 mill beetles, 1 mill mites

insect evolution

originated 500 mill years ago, diptera are most advanced insects, emergence of 147 gene families, only 10 gene families

worldwide decline of entomofauna

habitat loss, pollution, biological factors, climate change

incomplete metamorphasis

the juveniles look like adults

complete metamorphasis

the juveniles don’t look like adults

hemimetaboly

egg to nymph to adult

holometaboly

egg to larva to pupa to adult

arthropod borne viruses

arboviruses, yersinia pestis, myiasis

ticks and mites

are arthropods, not insects, have 8 legs, insects have 6, ticks feed on blood of mammals, mites feed on decaying animal matter

alpha gal syndrome

red meat allergy, life threatening, red meat has alpha gal a sugar in most mammals but not humans

william brown nutting

whereever there is mankind there is hair follicule mites

characteristics of tsetse fly

females provide lactation to their young, flies attracted to blue and black, have live births

tsetse fly microbiome

has wolbachia bacteria found in ovarian tissue by implicated cytoplasmic incompatibility, has 2 endosymbionts wigglesworthia glossinidia and sodalis glossinidius

tsetse pheromones

volatile pheromones offer a means to control flies that spread disease

genome of biomphalaria glabrata

has phero perception, stress response, immune function, biomineralization genes

genome of capsaspora owczarzaki

a amoeba like eukaryote symbiont, mycoplasma, and associated viruses in the snail genome