Biology U4 AOS2 MEGA LIST

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Margie and Cassie's biology mega list

122 Terms

1

selective breeding

the process by which humans can select or remove particular traits from a population by directly controlling the breeding of animals or plants.

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2

artificial selection

another term for selective breeding

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3

desirable trait

the preferred characteristics that scientists selectively breed for

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4

recessive allele

an allele that can be masked by a dominant allele, is only shown in the presence of another recessive allele.

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5

homozygous

the presence of two identical alleles/genes

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6

antimicrobial agent

any agent that kills or stops/slows microorganisms from reproducing

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7

anitmicrobial resistance

when pathogens evolve, causing medicines to no longer be effective against them

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8

bacterial conjugation

the direct transfer of genetic material between cells

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9

normal flora

types of bacteria that are permanent inhibitors of different body sites in a healthy person.

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10

antigenic drift

small and gradual changes to the genes encoding for viral surface antigens

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11

antigenic shift

sudden and significant changes in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens

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12

viral recombination

the combination of surface antigens from two or more different strains of a virus to form a completely new virus subtype

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13

the fossil record

the information derived from fossils arranged in chronological order

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14

Cambrian explosion

a period of rapid diversification of multicellular life (535 mya)

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15

extinction

the dying out of a species on a global or regional level

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16

fossilisation

the process by which an organism becomes a fossil

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17

sediment

naturally occurring solid material that is broken down into fine pieces and settles

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18

sedimentary rock

a rock that has formed through sediment being hardened by pressure

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19

permineralised fossil

fossil formed when groundwater deposits minerals into organic material, creating a mineral relic

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20

mould fossil

a fossil formed when a living thing decomposes underneath sediment, creating a cavity in the shape of the dead organism

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21

cast fossil

a fossil formed when a mould fossil is filled with sediment

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22

trace fossil

an indication of the presence of an organism, rather than the organism itself.

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23

relative dating

a dating technique used to determine the relative age of a fossil by comparing its position to other fossils or rock in the surrounding rock strata

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24

absolute dating

a dating technique used to determine a fossils age by measuring the relative amounts of radioisotopes to their products.

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25

fossil succession

the principle that fossils of the same age will be in the same strata, and the fossils found above will be younger and below will be older.

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26

relative age

the age of a fossil, determined by relative dating

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27

stratum/strata

a layer of sedimentary rock

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28

index fossil

a fossil that comes from an organism that was geographically widespread, and existed for a short but precisely known period of time.

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29

transitional fossil

a fossil that shows traits that are common in both an ancestral group and its descendent group. this helps chart evolutionary changes in species/groups.

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30

absolute age

an estimate of the age of a fossil or rock

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31

radioactive isotope

a radioactive atom of a specific element. this atom breaks down into a stable and predictable product.

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32

half-life

the time taken for half the mass of a radioisotope to break down into its products.

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33

dating period

the range of time since fossilisation in which a particular radioisotope series can be used before it breaks down into its product

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34

radiocarbon dating

a form of absolute dating used to determine the age of a fossil by measuring the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

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35

structural morphology

the study of physical structures to establish relatedness

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36

homologous structures

features founds in different species that may look and function differently but can be shown to have derived from a common ancestor

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37

divergent evolution

the process in which a common ancestor evolves into two or more separate species

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38

analogous structures

structures that serve similar biological functions but are not derived from a common ancestor

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39

convergent evolution

the process in which distantly related species evolve similar traits overtime due to similar selection pressures

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40

vestigial structure

features that have lost most or all of their usefulness as a result of evolution

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41

molecular homology

the study of similarities in the nucleotide sequences of DNA or amino acid sequences in proteins between organisms to establish relatedness

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42

conserved genes

genes that have remained largely unchanged throughout evolution, and are found across the genomes of many different species

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43

haemoglobin

a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transport of oxygen throughout the body

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44

cytochrome C

an enzyme found in the mitochondria that plays a role in respiration reactions

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45

mitochondrial DNA

circular DNA found within mitochondria

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46

genome

the complete set of DNA housed within an organism

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47

phylogenetic tree

a diagram used to show the relatedness between organisms

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48

phylogenetics

the study of relatedness between organisms

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49

evolutionary relationship

the relatedness of organisms based on shared ancestry

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50

lineage

a direct sequence of species that evolved from a common ancestor

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51

root

a line at the origin representing the earliest common ancestor

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52

branch

each line on the phylogenetic tree

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53

node

the point where the branches split from each other, representing a divergence between those two taxa

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54

leaf

at the end of a branch representing where the present day or extinct species are found

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55

adaptive radiation

the rapid divergent evolution of a species, thereby producing a wide array of species/forms

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56

homo sapiens

the species name for modern humans

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57

mammals

warm blooded vertebrates belonging to the taxonomic class Mammalia, that have mammary glands, hair/fur, three middle ear bones and one lower jaw

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58
<p>primates</p>

primates

the highest order of mammals that have opposable digits and binocular vision

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59

hominoids

members of the superfamily Hominoidea that includes apes and humans

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60

hominins

members of the taxonomic tribe Hominini that includes modern humans and out upright walking ancestors

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61

Cranium

the part of the skull that covers the brain

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62

prehensile

the ability to grasp objects

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63

opposable digit

a digit that is able to touch all the other digits

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64

precision grip

a type of grip involving the tips of the thumb and finger, used by primates for precise manipulation of objects of various sizes

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65

power grip

a type of grip involving the palm and fingers used by primates for moving and manipulating objects.

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66

bipedalism

using two legs for walking upright

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67

canine teeth

a type of tooth in mammals that is relatively long and pointed

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68

foramen magnum

the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes. a more centralised one indicates bipedalism.

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69

brow ridge

a bony ridge above the eye sockets

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70

sagittal crest

a ridge of hard bone running lengthwise along the top of the skull. a more pronounced one indicates strong jaw muscles.

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71

femur angle

the angle between the top and the bottom femur while standing. it is greater for hominins when compared to other primates.

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72

genus

a taxonomic rank above species and below family. Modern humans belong to the genus homo.

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73

biped

an individual that moves on two legs

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74

arboreal

living in or amongst trees

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75

cerebrum

the largest part of the brain

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76

Gene pool

All the genes found within a population/ the complete set of alleles

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77

Gene

Section of DNA that codes for a particular protein/ characteristic

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78

Allele

Different versions of a gene

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79

Population

group of individuals of the same species living in the same location

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80

Allele frequency

Number of each version of a gene in a population. It can be impacted by factors such as environmental factors, natural selection, predators and disease/ mutations

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81

Genotype

The genetic composition of an organism at a particular gene locus

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82

Phenotype

The physical characteristics of an organism that are the result of gene expression and the environment

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83

Genetic diversity

Variation in genetic makeup/ alleles in a population

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84

Mutation

A permanent change to a DNA sequence which can occur spontaneously or induced by a mutagen

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85

Mutagen

An agent that causes mutations in DNA

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86

Deleterious

Alleles that have an overall negative effect on individual fitness when expressed

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87

Heritability

Transmission from parent to offspring

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88

Germline Cell

A cell involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes

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89

Somatic cell

any cell in an organism that is not a germline cell

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90

Point mutation

Changes to a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence

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91

Silent mutation

A mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon, but still coding for the same amino acid. Therefore, there is no effect on protein structure

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92

Missense

A mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon and coding for a different amino acid. Therefore, there can potentially

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93

Nonsense

A mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon to a stop codon, prematurely ceasing translation of the gene’s mRNA. Therefore, there is an effect on protein structure

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94

Frameshift

A mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotides, altering every codon from that point forward

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95

Degenerate

A a property of the genetic code which means that a single amino acid can be coded for by more than one amino acid

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96

Aneuploidy

When a cell or organism varies in the usual amount of chromosomes in its genome by the addition or loss of a chromosome

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97

Polyploidy

When an organism contains additional sets of chromosomes in its genome

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98

Environmental selection pressur

a factor in the environment that impacts an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce. e.g. limited resources, predation, competition

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99

Competition

interactions between organisms in which both are negatively impacted when vying for the same limited resource. Can exist within or between species

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100

Natural selection

a mechanism through which organisms that are better adapted to an environment have an increased chance of surviving and reproducing, passing on their alleles

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