appsych unit 2: cognition- 2.3 memory

memory

recalling and retaining of information in past experiences

explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

episodic memory

recollection of specific events, usually one’s personal experiences

semantic memory

type of long term memory that stores general knowledge and facts about the world, including concepts, ideas, and meanings

implicit memory

retention independent of conscious recollection

procedural memory

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to perform learned skills

prospective memory

cognitive ability to remember to perform a planned action or intention at a specific time in the future

neurogenesis

new neurons are generated in the brain

Long-Term Potentiation (LT)

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. bBelieved to be a neural basis for learning and memory

working memory

a form of memory that allows a person to temporarily hold a limited amount of information at the ready for immediate mental use

visuospatial sketchpad

a component that briefly holds and manipulates information about the appearance of objects and their location in space

long term memory

the storage of information over extended periods of time

multi-store model

a structural model of memory that describes how memory works

sensory memory

the stage of memory that holds an exact copy of incoming information for just a few seconds

central executive

responsible for controlled processing in working memory

phonological loop

a memory component that briefly holds auditory information

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds

shallow processing

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

deep processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield better retention

automatic processing

the unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar information or well-learned information; sounds, smells, and word meanings

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

encoding

the process of getting information into the memory system—> eg. extracting meaning

storing

process of retaining encoded information over time

retrieval

process of getting information out of memory storage

structural processing

relatively shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimuli

phonemic processing

emphasizes what words sound like, involves naming or saying the words (maybe silently)

semantic processing

emphasizes meaning of a verbal input, what the objects and actions the words represent

encode

the process of actively taking in new information and converting it into a format that can be stored in memory

mnemonic devices

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices