HITT EXAM 2 - (3 & 4)

Bones (oss/e, oss/i, oste/o, ost/o)

Act as the framework for the body, protect the internal organs, and store calcium.

Bone Marrow (myel/o)

Red bone marrow helps form red blood cells. Yellow bone marrow stores fat.

Cartilage (chondr/o)

The smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones.

Articular cartilage (ar-TICK-you-lar KAR-tih-lidj) covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate to form joints.

Makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other

Ligaments (ligament/o)

Connect one bone to another.

Synovial Membrane (synovi/o, synov/o)

Forms the lining of synovial joints and secretes synovial fluid.

Synovial Fluid (synovi/o, synov/o)

Lubricant that makes smooth joint movements possible.

Bursa (burs/o)

Cushions areas subject to friction during movement.

Muscles (muscul/o , my/o , myos/o)

Make body movement possible, hold body erect, move body fluids, and produce body heat.

Fascia (fasci/o) = A band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles (plural, fasciae or fascias).

Cover, support, and separate muscles. Fascia is flexible to allow muscle movements.

Tendons (ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o)

Attach muscles to bones.

ankyl/o

crooked, bent, stiff

por/o

A small opening

chondr/i , chondr/o

cartilage

cost/o

rib

crani/o

skull

-desis

to bind, tie together

kyph/o

bent, hump

lord/o

curve, swayback, bent

-ago

Diseased condition

-scopy (suffix)

visual examination

lumb/o

lumbar, lower back

myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

oss/e , oss/i , ost/o , oste/o

bone

scoli/o

curved, bent

spondyl/o

(spondyl means vertebrae, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease).

vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone

acetabulum (***-eh-TAB-you-lum)

cup-shaped socket in the hip bone

allogeneic (al-loh-jen-EEH-ick)

allo = different

derived from a different individual

ankylosing spondylitis (ang-kih-LOH-sing spon-dih-LYE-tis)

Anky = crooked

inflammatory arthritis affecting the spine

arthrodesis (ar-throh-DEE-sis)

surgical fusion of a joint

arthroscopy (ar-THROS-koh-pee)

minimally invasive surgery on a joint

autologous (aw-TOL-uh-guss)

derived from the same individual

a-vascular necrosis (ay-VAS-cue-ler neh-KROH-sis)

vascular = blood vessle

death of bone tissue due to lack of blood supply

callus (KAL-us)

thickened skin or bone tissue

chondromalacia (kon-droh-mah-LAY-shee-ah)

softening of cartilage

comminuted fracture (KOM-ih-newt-ed)

bone fracture in which the bone is shattered into many pieces

clon/o

violent action

fibr/o

fibrous tissue, fiber

-ia

abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium

kines/o, kinesi/o

movement

-plegia

paralysis, stroke

-rrhexis

rupture

tax/o

coordination, order

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon, stretch out, extend, strain

ton/o

tone, stretching, tension

abduction (ab-DUCK-shun) - movement away from the midline of the body

adduction (ah-DUCK-shun) - movement toward the midline of the body

abnormal fibrous band that holds structures together

adhesion (ad-HEE-zhun)

ataxia (ah-TACK-see-ah) -

(a- means without, tax means coordination, and -ia means condition).

lack of muscle coordination

atonic (ah-TON-ick)

lacking normal muscle tone

atrophy (AT-roh-fee)

wasting away or decrease in size of a body part

bradykinesia (brad-ee-kih-NEE-zee-ah)

(brady- =slow, kines = movement, and -ia = condition).

slowness of movement

carpal tunnel syndrome (KAR-pul)

condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the wrist

chronic fatigue syndrome

disorder characterized by extreme fatigue that doesn't improve with rest

circumduction (ser-kum-DUCK-shun)

circular movement of a limb

compartment syndrome

condition caused by increased pressure within a muscle compartment

contracture (kon-TRACK-chur)

shortening of muscle or tendon

dorsiflexion (dor-sih-FLECK-shun)

movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

dyskinesia (dis-kih-NEE-zee-ah)

abnormal, uncontrolled movements

dystonia (dis-TOH-nee-ah)

muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive movements

electromyography (ee-leck-troh-my-OG-rah-fee)

diagnostic procedure to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them

epicondylitis (ep-ih-kon-dih-LYE-tis) - (epi- means on, condyl means condyle, and -itis means inflammation)

inflammation of the tendons surrounding the elbow

ergonomics (er-goh-NOM-icks)

ergo = work, nomics = laws

study of people's efficiency in their working environment

exercise physiologist (fiz-ee-OL-oh-jist)

specialist who studies the body's responses to physical activity

fibromyalgia (figh-broh-my-AL-jee-ah)

fibro = tissues, my = muscles, algia = pain

chronic condition characterized by widespread pain

ganglion cyst (GANG-glee-on SIST)

noncancerous lump filled with jelly-like fluid

heel spur

bony growth on the underside of the heel bone

hemiparesis (hem-ee-pah-REE-sis) - (hemi- means half, and -paresis means partial or incomplete paralysis

weakness on one side of the body

hemiplegia (hem-ee-PLEE-jee-ah)

paralysis of one side of the body

hernia (HER-nee-ah)

CELE- protrusion of an organ through the wall of the cavity that contains it

hyperkinesia (high-per-kye-NEE-zee-ah)

excessive movement or activity

hypotonia (high-poh-TOH-nee-ah)

decreased muscle tone

impingement syndrome (im-PINJ-ment SIN-drohm)

condition where shoulder tendons are trapped during arm movement

innervation (in-err-VAY-shun)

supply of nerves to a specific body part

insertion

where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon

The flexor carpi muscles and the extensor carpi muscles

Make flexion (bending) and extension (straightening) of the wrist possible

intermittent claudication (klaw-dih-KAY-shun)

claudication = limp

pain in the leg muscles during exercise due to inadequate blood flow

muscular dystrophy (DIS-troh-fee)

(dys- means bad, ton means tone, and -ia means condition)

group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass

myasthenia gravis (my-as-THEE-nee-ah GRAH-vis)

chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease causing weakness

myoclonus (my-OK-luh-nus),

(my/o means muscle, clon means violent action, and -us is a singular noun ending)

sudden, involuntary muscle jerks

Myofascial (my-oh-FASH-ee-ahl)

my/o means muscle, fasci means fascia, and -al means pertaining to

myoparesis (my-oh-pah-REE-sis)

myo - muscle, paresis - WEAK

weakness of muscle

myorrhaphy (my-OR-ah-fee)

(my/o means muscle, and -rrhaphy

surgical suturing of a muscle

neuromuscular (new-roh-MUS-kyou-lar)

pertaining to the relationship between nerves and muscles

oblique (oh-BLEEK)

muscle slanted at an angle

origin - near midline

Where the muscle begins. The origin is the less movable attachment.

paraplegia (pahr-ah-PLEE-jee-ah)

paralysis of the lower half of the body

physiatrist (fiz-ee-AT-rist)

medical doctor specializing in rehabilitation

plantar fasciitis (PLAN-tar fas-ee-EYE-tis)

inflammation of the plantar fascia

polymyositis (pol-ee-my-oh-SIGH-tis)

inflammatory disease affecting multiple muscles

pronation (proh-NAY-shun)

rotation of the forearm or foot inward

quadriplegia (kwad-rih-PLEE-jee-ah)

paralysis of all four limbs

sarcopenia (sar-koh-PEE-nee-ah) - (sarc/o means flesh, and -penia means deficiency)

loss of muscle mass due to aging

shin splint

pain along the shin bone

singultus (sing-GUL-tus)

involuntary contraction of the diaphragm causing hiccups

sphincter (SFINK-ter)

muscle that controls the opening and closing of a passage

sprain

injury to a ligament caused by stretching or tearing

tendinopathy (ten-din-OP-ah-thee)

disease of a tendon

tenodesis (ten-ODD-eh-sis)

(ten/o means tendon, and -desis means to bind or tie together)

surgical procedure to stabilize a tendon

tenolysis (ten-OL-ih-sis)

(ten/o means tendon, and -lysis means to set free/ Destruction)

surgical procedure to free a tendon from adhesions

tenosynovitis (ten-oh-sin-oh-VYE-tis)

inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon