AP euro midterm

Medici Family: the rulers of Florence - bankers

Florence: where the renaissance started

Donatello: sculpted bronze David

Michelangelo: painter and sculptor- marble david and sistine chapel

Ghiberti: Gates of Paradise in Florence

Gutenberg: invented the printing press

Humanism: a way of life that's centered around ethics and personal benefit

Virtu: well-rounded with many skills

Individualism: emphasizes the importance of the individual

Secularism: changes towards worldly views that spiritual ones

Vernacular: native language

Machiavelli the Prince: describes the ideal leader (despot) based on Lorenzo Medici

Christian Humanism: focused on making a better life ethically

Civic Humanism: moral values intrinsic to public life

Values of Renaissance: to revive classical learning, reform the church and state, improve the individual

Boccaccio: Decameron

Castiglione: the Courtier - described the perfect renaissance man

Thomas More: utopia - criticized society by describing the perfect society

Ficino: priest who translated Plato into Latin

Da Vinci: ideal renaissance man - sculptor, painter, inventor, scientist, mathematician, - the last supper and mona lisa

Head of the Catholic Church: the pope

Act of Supremacy: declared Henry VIII to be the head of the church of england

Indulgences: sold by the church to pardon the people time for purgatory

Calvinism-Beliefs: predestination - only baptism and communion

Zwingli: argued with Luther but similar beliefs - died in battle - leader of the swiss revolution - abolished relics and icons

Pope of Geneva: nickname for John Calvin

Predestination: the idea that God already knows what your fate is before you were born

Martin Luther-Beliefs/Justification by Faith: if people believed in God then they should be justified to go to heaven - believed the Catholic church abused their power

95 Thesis: a list of reforms for the church that was written by Martin Luther and posted on the church doors

Spread of Lutheranism: by the printing press across Germany

Edict of Nantes: allowed Hugeunots to have civil and religious rights

Index of Forbidden Books: established by the Council of Trent - anyone who had the books were punished

Jesuits/Society of Jesus: monks - persecuted Jews and muslims - set up missionaries and the Inquisition - they wanted discipline and traditional loyalty to the church

Thirty Years War: the HRE (habsburgs) against the protestant states - power struggle of the catholic church

Treaty of Westphalia: ended the war and established religious toleration

Peace of Augsburg: allowed the German states to choose which religion they wanted to follow

Anabaptists: adult baptism - ancestors of Amish and Mormon - separation of church and state

Counter-Reformation: catholics came back and made reforms - started by Pope Paul III

Institutes of Christian Religion: a book written by John Calvin with his theology

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: catholic mobs killed Hugeunots

Anglicanism: england's religion

Leading country in the field of exploration: portugal

Why Inflation: there was an influx of gold and silver

Vespucci: florentine geographer who was a great mapmaker

Technological advancements in the 14th & 19 centuries: printing press

Vasco da Gama: portuguese explorer, made it to Calcut, India

Bartholomew Diaz: went around the southern tip of africa - cape of good hope

Henry the Navigator: prince henry - opened a school for navigators

Dutch East India Company: improved trade in Asia

Impact of Exploration upon Amerindians Columbian Exchange: new things were spread around to new people including disease but also horses and goods

Smallpox: disease that killed many native americans

Ferdinand Magellan: his crew sailed were the first to sail around the world looking for a route to asia

Christopher Columbus: first person to land in the new world from europe in the bahama area

Treaty of Tordesillas: an agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide the Americas to their liking

Cabral: led the portuguese expedition that found Brazil

Caravels: a small, fast ship that belonged to the spanish and portuguese

Bartholomew de las casas: priest who wrote about how the workers were being treated - led to new laws that didn't do anything

Mercantilism: colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country- the goal is for the country to have a favorable balance of trade

God, Glory, Gold: the three most important things for the explorers of this time god: christianize those who weren't, gold: become rich, glory: gain fame

Outcome of Age of Exploration: new land and areas to discover - but also more power struggle over who can have the most land

Stuart Dynasty: charles III after the tudor dynasty gets interrupted with the interregnum

Hanoverian Dynasty: after death of Queen Anne - elector of Hanover becomes King George I

Huguenots: french protestants

Revoking of Edict of Nantes: revoked by Louis IV - caused 100,000 protestants to leave France

John Locke: believed all humans had the right to life, liberty, and property - father of liberalism

Cardinal Richelieu: powerful politician - devout catholic who removed rights of the Huguenots - reformed the military - lessened the power of the nobility so they couldn't overthrow the king

Intendant System: aids to the king in the countryside

Louis XIV-characteristics of his reign: absolute absolutist

James II: unpopular, devout Catholic and arrogant

Charles I: not a good leader for England - leads them into war and doesn't call parliament for help

Commonwealth: when england turned into a republic under Oliver Cromwell

Restoration: Charles II returning the stuart dynasty

Thomas Hobbes: introduced the social contract theory

The Leviathan (it's message): that society needs a strong government and that humans are naturally selfish

James I-most lasting achievement: comes up with the idea of Divine Right

William and Mary: the glorious revolution - passed the Bill of Rights which was like a constitution

Cardinal Mazarin: successor to Cardinal Richelieu who carries out his policies

Oliver Cromwell: dictator during the interregnum comes after Charles I reign and execution, named "Lord Protector"

Effect of Inquisition in Spain: N/A

Divine Right: the idea that God chooses who should be king - defy the monarchy you are defying God

War of Roses: english civil wars over fighting for the throne

Hapsburgs: the family in control of the Holy Roman Empire

Romanov: very important family that helped create a larger and more powerful Russia

Bourbons: navarre's who were protestant- french dynasty

Acquisition that allowed Russia to have a warm water port: when catherine the great was able to annex Crimea

Peter the Great: gained territory for Russia - effective military

Catherine the Great: helped extend Russia's territorial boundaries, advocated for good education

Junkers: prussian/ landowning nobles

1795 Poland: kings elected, Lithuania and Poland dual kingdom, weak

Hohenzollern Family: Prussia

Ottoman Turks: Religion, What European city did they reach the outskirts of?

Istanbul / Constantinople: The historical name for the city of Istanbul, which was formerly known as Constantinople.

Maria Theresa: Austrian ruler and mother of Marie Antoinette.

Pragmatic Sanction: A legal decree that allowed Maria Theresa to inherit her father's possessions.

Frederick William: The title held by several rulers of Prussia, known as the Great Elector.

Serfs: Farmers with no rights or money during the Age of Absolutism.

Henry VIII: King who had 6 wives and established the Anglican Church in England.

Phillip II: Son of Charles V who attempted to limit the spread of Protestantism.

Tudor: The English dynasty that included Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.

Elizabeth I: Queen who defeated the Spanish Armada and never married.

War of Spanish Succession: A conflict between France and Spain against England, resulting in Austria gaining land.

Spanish Armada: A fleet defeated by Queen Elizabeth I's forces.

Constitutional monarchies: Monarchies that operate alongside a functioning government, sharing power.

Voltaire: Philosopher known for writing satire that criticized the French government.

Diderot: The inventor of the encyclopedia.

Montesquieu: Philosopher who wrote 'The Spirit of Laws' advocating for separation of powers.

Empirical Reasoning: The concept that knowledge is derived from experience.

Characteristics of Enlightenment: An emphasis on knowledge and reason.

Descartes: Philosopher known for the quote 'I think; therefore, I am' and contributions to the scientific method.

Newton: Scientist who formulated the laws of gravity and wrote 'Principia.'

Heliocentrism: The astronomical model in which the sun is at the center of the universe.

Kepler: Astronomer who proved Copernicus' heliocentric theory using mathematics.

Galileo: Scientist who used the telescope to discover laws of motion and was placed under house arrest.

Scientific Method: A systematic approach to inquiry that relies on logic and proof.

Rousseau: Philosopher who believed that society corrupts man.

Calculus: A branch of mathematics invented by Isaac Newton.

Principia: A work written by Isaac Newton outlining his laws of motion and gravity.

Francis Bacon: Philosopher who developed inductive reasoning and empiricism.

Copernicus: Astronomer who first proposed the heliocentric model of the universe.

Frederick II: Prussian ruler who viewed himself as the first servant of the state.

Two Treatises on Civil Gov't: A work discussing the nature of government and civil rights.

Social Contract: The belief that individuals have more freedom under certain societal rules.

Marie Antoinette: Wife of Louis XVI, executed during the French Revolution due to her ignorance of the people's plight.

Old Regime: The political and social system of France before the French Revolution.

Estates General: A legislative assembly called by Louis XVI to address France's financial crisis.

Declaration of Rights of Man: A document asserting that all men have equal rights.

Robespierre: The leader associated with the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.

Reign of Terror: A period during the French Revolution marked by mass executions of perceived enemies.

Thermidorian Reaction: The phase of the French Revolution when the government became more conservative.

Tennis Court Oath: An agreement made by the Third Estate to continue meeting until a constitution was established.