AP euro midterm

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130 Terms

1

Medici Family

The rulers of Florence known for their banking empire.

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2

Florence

The city where the Renaissance started.

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3

Donatello

Sculptor known for creating the bronze statue of David.

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4

Michelangelo

Renowned painter and sculptor, famous for the marble David and the Sistine Chapel.

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5

Ghiberti

Artist known for the Gates of Paradise in Florence.

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6

Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press.

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7

Humanism

A way of life centered around ethics and personal benefit.

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8

Virtu

A concept referring to being well-rounded with many skills.

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9

Individualism

An emphasis on the importance of the individual.

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10

Secularism

A shift towards worldly views as opposed to spiritual ones.

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11

Vernacular

The native language of a region.

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12

Machiavelli the Prince

A work describing the ideal leader based on Lorenzo Medici.

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13

Christian Humanism

Focus on making a better life based on ethical considerations.

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14

Civic Humanism

Moral values intrinsic to public life.

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15

Values of Renaissance

Aims to revive classical learning, reform the church and state, and improve the individual.

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16

Boccaccio

Author of the Decameron.

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17

Castiglione

Wrote the Courtier, describing the perfect Renaissance man.

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18

Thomas More

Wrote Utopia, criticizing society by describing a perfect society.

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19

Ficino

Priest who translated Plato into Latin.

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20

Da Vinci

The ideal Renaissance man known for works such as The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa.

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21

Head of the Catholic Church

The Pope.

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22

Act of Supremacy

Declared Henry VIII to be the head of the Church of England.

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23

Indulgences

Sold by the Church to pardon time for purgatory.

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24

Calvinism-Beliefs

Includes the concept of predestination along with baptism and communion.

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25

Zwingli

Argued with Luther; similar beliefs, died in battle, leader of the Swiss Revolution.

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26

Pope of Geneva

Nickname for John Calvin.

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27

Predestination

The belief that God already knows one's fate before birth.

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28

Martin Luther-Beliefs/Justification by Faith

Believed faith in God justifies one for heaven and criticized church abuses.

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29

95 Thesis

A list of reforms proposed by Martin Luther posted on church doors.

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30

Spread of Lutheranism

Facilitated by the printing press across Germany.

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31

Edict of Nantes

Granted civil and religious rights to Huguenots.

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32

Index of Forbidden Books

Established by the Council of Trent to punish possession of prohibited texts.

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33

Jesuits/Society of Jesus

Monks known for setting up missions and enforcing church loyalty.

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34

Thirty Years War

Conflict between the Habsburgs and Protestant states over power.

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35

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended the Thirty Years War, establishing religious toleration.

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36

Peace of Augsburg

Allowed German states to choose their religion.

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37

Anabaptists

Advocated for adult baptism and separation of church and state.

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38

Counter-Reformation

Catholic response to reform, initiated by Pope Paul III.

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39

Institutes of Christian Religion

A book by John Calvin detailing his theology.

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40

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Event where Catholic mobs killed Huguenots.

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41

Anglicanism

The religion of England established by Henry VIII.

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42

Leading country in the field of exploration

Portugal.

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43

Why Inflation

Caused by an influx of gold and silver.

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44

Vespucci

Florentine geographer known for his maps.

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45

Technological advancements in the 14th & 19 centuries

Invention of the printing press.

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46

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer who reached Calicut, India.

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47

Bartholomew Diaz

First to sail around the southern tip of Africa.

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48

Henry the Navigator

Prince who opened a school for navigation.

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49

Dutch East India Company

A company that enhanced trade in Asia.

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50

Impact of Exploration upon Amerindians Columbian Exchange

Spread of new goods, horses, and diseases.

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51

Smallpox

Disease that resulted in high mortality among Native Americans.

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52

Ferdinand Magellan

Led the first crew to circumnavigate the globe.

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53

Christopher Columbus

First European to land in the New World, in the Bahamas.

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54

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide the Americas.

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55

Cabral

Led the Portuguese expedition that discovered Brazil.

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56

Caravels

Small, fast ships used by the Spanish and Portuguese.

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57

Bartholomew de las Casas

Priest who advocated for better treatment of workers.

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58

Mercantilism

Economic policy where colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country.

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59

God, Glory, Gold

The three driving motivations for explorers.

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60

Outcome of Age of Exploration

New territories discovered, leading to power struggles. European countries became richer due to gold and silver and the colombian exchange

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61

Stuart Dynasty

Followed the Tudor dynasty, beginning with Charles I.

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62

Hanoverian Dynasty

Established after the death of Queen Anne.

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63

Huguenots

French Protestants.

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64

Revoking of Edict of Nantes

Revoked by Louis XIV, causing Huguenots to leave France.

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65

John Locke

Philosopher who advocated for life, liberty, and property.

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66

Cardinal Richelieu

Powerful politician who reformed France's military and governance.

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67

Intendant System

Administrative system assisting the king.

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68

Louis XIV-characteristics of his reign

Known as the absolute absolutist.

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69

James II

Unpopular king known for his Catholicism.

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70

Charles I

Led England into civil war and failed to call parliament.

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71

Commonwealth

Period of republican governance under Oliver Cromwell.

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72

Restoration

The return of Charles II to the throne.

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73

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher who presented the social contract theory.

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74

The Leviathan (it's message)

Society needs a strong government; humans are naturally selfish.

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75

James I-most lasting achievement

Concept of Divine Right of Kings.

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76

William and Mary

Their reign established the Bill of Rights during the Glorious Revolution.

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77

Cardinal Mazarin

Successor to Richelieu, continued his policies.

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78

Oliver Cromwell

Dictator during the interregnum, known as Lord Protector.

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79

Effect of Inquisition in Spain

N/A

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80

Divine Right

Belief that monarchs are appointed by God.

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81

War of Roses

Civil wars in England over the throne.

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82

Hapsburgs

Family that dominated the Holy Roman Empire.

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83

Romanov

Significant family in Russian history.

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84

Bourbons

French dynasty including notable Protestant members.

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85

Acquisition that allowed Russia to have a warm water port

Annexation of Crimea by Catherine the Great.

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86

Peter the Great

Ruler who expanded Russian territory and military.

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87

Catherine the Great

Advocated for education and territorial expansion.

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88

Junkers

Prussian landowning nobles.

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89

1795 Poland

Weak dual kingdom formed by Lithuania and Poland.

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90

Hohenzollern Family

Royal family of Prussia.

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91

Ottoman Turks

Conquerors who reached the outskirts of Istanbul.

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92

Istanbul / Constantinople

City historically known as Constantinople.

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93

Maria Theresa

Austrian ruler and mother of Marie Antoinette.

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94

Pragmatic Sanction

Allowed Maria Theresa to inherit Habsburg possessions.

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95

Frederick William

Title of several rulers in Prussia.

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96

Serfs

Farmers with no rights during Absolutism.

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97

Henry VIII

King known for having six wives and founding the Anglican Church.

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98

Phillip II

Son of Charles V who aimed to counter Protestantism.

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99

Tudor

Dynasty that included Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.

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100

Elizabeth I

Queen who defeated the Spanish Armada.

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