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Medici Family
The rulers of Florence known for their banking empire.
Florence
The city where the Renaissance started.
Donatello
Sculptor known for creating the bronze statue of David.
Michelangelo
Renowned painter and sculptor, famous for the marble David and the Sistine Chapel.
Ghiberti
Artist known for the Gates of Paradise in Florence.
Gutenberg
Inventor of the printing press.
Humanism
A way of life centered around ethics and personal benefit.
Virtu
A concept referring to being well-rounded with many skills.
Individualism
An emphasis on the importance of the individual.
Secularism
A shift towards worldly views as opposed to spiritual ones.
Vernacular
The native language of a region.
Machiavelli the Prince
A work describing the ideal leader based on Lorenzo Medici.
Christian Humanism
Focus on making a better life based on ethical considerations.
Civic Humanism
Moral values intrinsic to public life.
Values of Renaissance
Aims to revive classical learning, reform the church and state, and improve the individual.
Boccaccio
Author of the Decameron.
Castiglione
Wrote the Courtier, describing the perfect Renaissance man.
Thomas More
Wrote Utopia, criticizing society by describing a perfect society.
Ficino
Priest who translated Plato into Latin.
Da Vinci
The ideal Renaissance man known for works such as The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa.
Head of the Catholic Church
The Pope.
Act of Supremacy
Declared Henry VIII to be the head of the Church of England.
Indulgences
Sold by the Church to pardon time for purgatory.
Calvinism-Beliefs
Includes the concept of predestination along with baptism and communion.
Zwingli
Argued with Luther; similar beliefs, died in battle, leader of the Swiss Revolution.
Pope of Geneva
Nickname for John Calvin.
Predestination
The belief that God already knows one's fate before birth.
Martin Luther-Beliefs/Justification by Faith
Believed faith in God justifies one for heaven and criticized church abuses.
95 Thesis
A list of reforms proposed by Martin Luther posted on church doors.
Spread of Lutheranism
Facilitated by the printing press across Germany.
Edict of Nantes
Granted civil and religious rights to Huguenots.
Index of Forbidden Books
Established by the Council of Trent to punish possession of prohibited texts.
Jesuits/Society of Jesus
Monks known for setting up missions and enforcing church loyalty.
Thirty Years War
Conflict between the Habsburgs and Protestant states over power.
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended the Thirty Years War, establishing religious toleration.
Peace of Augsburg
Allowed German states to choose their religion.
Anabaptists
Advocated for adult baptism and separation of church and state.
Counter-Reformation
Catholic response to reform, initiated by Pope Paul III.
Institutes of Christian Religion
A book by John Calvin detailing his theology.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Event where Catholic mobs killed Huguenots.
Anglicanism
The religion of England established by Henry VIII.
Leading country in the field of exploration
Portugal.
Why Inflation
Caused by an influx of gold and silver.
Vespucci
Florentine geographer known for his maps.
Technological advancements in the 14th & 19 centuries
Invention of the printing press.
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer who reached Calicut, India.
Bartholomew Diaz
First to sail around the southern tip of Africa.
Henry the Navigator
Prince who opened a school for navigation.
Dutch East India Company
A company that enhanced trade in Asia.
Impact of Exploration upon Amerindians Columbian Exchange
Spread of new goods, horses, and diseases.
Smallpox
Disease that resulted in high mortality among Native Americans.
Ferdinand Magellan
Led the first crew to circumnavigate the globe.
Christopher Columbus
First European to land in the New World, in the Bahamas.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide the Americas.
Cabral
Led the Portuguese expedition that discovered Brazil.
Caravels
Small, fast ships used by the Spanish and Portuguese.
Bartholomew de las Casas
Priest who advocated for better treatment of workers.
Mercantilism
Economic policy where colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country.
God, Glory, Gold
The three driving motivations for explorers.
Outcome of Age of Exploration
New territories discovered, leading to power struggles. European countries became richer due to gold and silver and the colombian exchange
Stuart Dynasty
Followed the Tudor dynasty, beginning with Charles I.
Hanoverian Dynasty
Established after the death of Queen Anne.
Huguenots
French Protestants.
Revoking of Edict of Nantes
Revoked by Louis XIV, causing Huguenots to leave France.
John Locke
Philosopher who advocated for life, liberty, and property.
Cardinal Richelieu
Powerful politician who reformed France's military and governance.
Intendant System
Administrative system assisting the king.
Louis XIV-characteristics of his reign
Known as the absolute absolutist.
James II
Unpopular king known for his Catholicism.
Charles I
Led England into civil war and failed to call parliament.
Commonwealth
Period of republican governance under Oliver Cromwell.
Restoration
The return of Charles II to the throne.
Thomas Hobbes
Philosopher who presented the social contract theory.
The Leviathan (it's message)
Society needs a strong government; humans are naturally selfish.
James I-most lasting achievement
Concept of Divine Right of Kings.
William and Mary
Their reign established the Bill of Rights during the Glorious Revolution.
Cardinal Mazarin
Successor to Richelieu, continued his policies.
Oliver Cromwell
Dictator during the interregnum, known as Lord Protector.
Effect of Inquisition in Spain
N/A
Divine Right
Belief that monarchs are appointed by God.
War of Roses
Civil wars in England over the throne.
Hapsburgs
Family that dominated the Holy Roman Empire.
Romanov
Significant family in Russian history.
Bourbons
French dynasty including notable Protestant members.
Acquisition that allowed Russia to have a warm water port
Annexation of Crimea by Catherine the Great.
Peter the Great
Ruler who expanded Russian territory and military.
Catherine the Great
Advocated for education and territorial expansion.
Junkers
Prussian landowning nobles.
1795 Poland
Weak dual kingdom formed by Lithuania and Poland.
Hohenzollern Family
Royal family of Prussia.
Ottoman Turks
Conquerors who reached the outskirts of Istanbul.
Istanbul / Constantinople
City historically known as Constantinople.
Maria Theresa
Austrian ruler and mother of Marie Antoinette.
Pragmatic Sanction
Allowed Maria Theresa to inherit Habsburg possessions.
Frederick William
Title of several rulers in Prussia.
Serfs
Farmers with no rights during Absolutism.
Henry VIII
King known for having six wives and founding the Anglican Church.
Phillip II
Son of Charles V who aimed to counter Protestantism.
Tudor
Dynasty that included Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.
Elizabeth I
Queen who defeated the Spanish Armada.