AP euro midterm

Medici Family

The rulers of Florence known for their banking empire.

Florence

The city where the Renaissance started.

Donatello

Sculptor known for creating the bronze statue of David.

Michelangelo

Renowned painter and sculptor, famous for the marble David and the Sistine Chapel.

Ghiberti

Artist known for the Gates of Paradise in Florence.

Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press.

Humanism

A way of life centered around ethics and personal benefit.

Virtu

A concept referring to being well-rounded with many skills.

Individualism

An emphasis on the importance of the individual.

Secularism

A shift towards worldly views as opposed to spiritual ones.

Vernacular

The native language of a region.

Machiavelli the Prince

A work describing the ideal leader based on Lorenzo Medici.

Christian Humanism

Focus on making a better life based on ethical considerations.

Civic Humanism

Moral values intrinsic to public life.

Values of Renaissance

Aims to revive classical learning, reform the church and state, and improve the individual.

Boccaccio

Author of the Decameron.

Castiglione

Wrote the Courtier, describing the perfect Renaissance man.

Thomas More

Wrote Utopia, criticizing society by describing a perfect society.

Ficino

Priest who translated Plato into Latin.

Da Vinci

The ideal Renaissance man known for works such as The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa.

Head of the Catholic Church

The Pope.

Act of Supremacy

Declared Henry VIII to be the head of the Church of England.

Indulgences

Sold by the Church to pardon time for purgatory.

Calvinism-Beliefs

Includes the concept of predestination along with baptism and communion.

Zwingli

Argued with Luther; similar beliefs, died in battle, leader of the Swiss Revolution.

Pope of Geneva

Nickname for John Calvin.

Predestination

The belief that God already knows one's fate before birth.

Martin Luther-Beliefs/Justification by Faith

Believed faith in God justifies one for heaven and criticized church abuses.

95 Thesis

A list of reforms proposed by Martin Luther posted on church doors.

Spread of Lutheranism

Facilitated by the printing press across Germany.

Edict of Nantes

Granted civil and religious rights to Huguenots.

Index of Forbidden Books

Established by the Council of Trent to punish possession of prohibited texts.

Jesuits/Society of Jesus

Monks known for setting up missions and enforcing church loyalty.

Thirty Years War

Conflict between the Habsburgs and Protestant states over power.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended the Thirty Years War, establishing religious toleration.

Peace of Augsburg

Allowed German states to choose their religion.

Anabaptists

Advocated for adult baptism and separation of church and state.

Counter-Reformation

Catholic response to reform, initiated by Pope Paul III.

Institutes of Christian Religion

A book by John Calvin detailing his theology.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Event where Catholic mobs killed Huguenots.

Anglicanism

The religion of England established by Henry VIII.

Leading country in the field of exploration

Portugal.

Why Inflation

Caused by an influx of gold and silver.

Vespucci

Florentine geographer known for his maps.

Technological advancements in the 14th & 19 centuries

Invention of the printing press.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer who reached Calicut, India.

Bartholomew Diaz

First to sail around the southern tip of Africa.

Henry the Navigator

Prince who opened a school for navigation.

Dutch East India Company

A company that enhanced trade in Asia.

Impact of Exploration upon Amerindians Columbian Exchange

Spread of new goods, horses, and diseases.

Smallpox

Disease that resulted in high mortality among Native Americans.

Ferdinand Magellan

Led the first crew to circumnavigate the globe.

Christopher Columbus

First European to land in the New World, in the Bahamas.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide the Americas.

Cabral

Led the Portuguese expedition that discovered Brazil.

Caravels

Small, fast ships used by the Spanish and Portuguese.

Bartholomew de las Casas

Priest who advocated for better treatment of workers.

Mercantilism

Economic policy where colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country.

God, Glory, Gold

The three driving motivations for explorers.

Outcome of Age of Exploration

New territories discovered, leading to power struggles. European countries became richer due to gold and silver and the colombian exchange

Stuart Dynasty

Followed the Tudor dynasty, beginning with Charles I.

Hanoverian Dynasty

Established after the death of Queen Anne.

Huguenots

French Protestants.

Revoking of Edict of Nantes

Revoked by Louis XIV, causing Huguenots to leave France.

John Locke

Philosopher who advocated for life, liberty, and property.

Cardinal Richelieu

Powerful politician who reformed France's military and governance.

Intendant System

Administrative system assisting the king.

Louis XIV-characteristics of his reign

Known as the absolute absolutist.

James II

Unpopular king known for his Catholicism.

Charles I

Led England into civil war and failed to call parliament.

Commonwealth

Period of republican governance under Oliver Cromwell.

Restoration

The return of Charles II to the throne.

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher who presented the social contract theory.

The Leviathan (it's message)

Society needs a strong government; humans are naturally selfish.

James I-most lasting achievement

Concept of Divine Right of Kings.

William and Mary

Their reign established the Bill of Rights during the Glorious Revolution.

Cardinal Mazarin

Successor to Richelieu, continued his policies.

Oliver Cromwell

Dictator during the interregnum, known as Lord Protector.

Effect of Inquisition in Spain

N/A

Divine Right

Belief that monarchs are appointed by God.

War of Roses

Civil wars in England over the throne.

Hapsburgs

Family that dominated the Holy Roman Empire.

Romanov

Significant family in Russian history.

Bourbons

French dynasty including notable Protestant members.

Acquisition that allowed Russia to have a warm water port

Annexation of Crimea by Catherine the Great.

Peter the Great

Ruler who expanded Russian territory and military.

Catherine the Great

Advocated for education and territorial expansion.

Junkers

Prussian landowning nobles.

1795 Poland

Weak dual kingdom formed by Lithuania and Poland.

Hohenzollern Family

Royal family of Prussia.

Ottoman Turks

Conquerors who reached the outskirts of Istanbul.

Istanbul / Constantinople

City historically known as Constantinople.

Maria Theresa

Austrian ruler and mother of Marie Antoinette.

Pragmatic Sanction

Allowed Maria Theresa to inherit Habsburg possessions.

Frederick William

Title of several rulers in Prussia.

Serfs

Farmers with no rights during Absolutism.

Henry VIII

King known for having six wives and founding the Anglican Church.

Phillip II

Son of Charles V who aimed to counter Protestantism.

Tudor

Dynasty that included Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.

Elizabeth I

Queen who defeated the Spanish Armada.