how do we define, classify, understand them? How many people have or will have them?
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psychological disorder
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, and behavior
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psychological disorder are
dysfunctional and maladaptive interfering with everyday life
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in psychological disorder dysfunction is accompanied
by distress
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Philippe Pinel (during middle ages) disagree with traditional treatments such as mutilations or beatings and says
madness is from severe stress not demonic possessions and advocated for humane cures
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medical model
the concept that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and often cured through treatment in a hospital
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the mental health movement say
mental illness can diagnoses based on the symptoms and can be treated by therapy in a hospital
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biopsychosocial approach say as individuals we differ in
amount of stress, coping method
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Culture also causes differences in
stress sources and coping methods
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2 disorders have the same symptoms worldwide
major depressive disorder and schizophrenia
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Other disorders differ in symptoms or are unique to a culture for example
susto - found in Latin america and symptoms are anxiety, restlessness, and fear of black magic
taijin-kyofusho - found in japan and symptoms are social anxiety about looks, blush quickly, and dislike eye contact
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biopsychosocial approach emphasizes
mind and body are inseparable
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stress vulnerability model
individual characteristics combine with environmental stressors to increase or decrease likelihood of developing psychological disorders
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epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change sometimes gene is expressed or dormant
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benefit of classifying disorders
can predict future course, suggest treatment, prompt research into cures, and ordering/describing symptoms
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DSM-5
the american psychiatric association’s diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder fifth edition a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
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DSM-5 labels change or new ones are created
for example autism spectrum disorder, hoarding, binge-eating, and mental retardation changed to intellectual disability
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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD
s psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and or hyperactivity, impulsivity
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the long-term effects of ADHD treatment with stimulant drugs
is unknown
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overdiagnosing of
depression and ADHD
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ADHD controversy is increasing number due to
overdiagnosing or because awareness is increasing
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most violent criminal are not mentally ill and
most mentally ill are not violent
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ethical question about
should mentally ill who are violent/criminal be held accountable for actions
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psychological disorders number vary around the world
lowest 6% in nigeria and highest 27% in USA
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immigrant paradox
immigrants/people not born in the country have a lower risk for mental illness
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poverty is a risk factor for mental illness and
mental illness can cause someone to be poor
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psychological disorder biological influences
evolution, individual genes, brain structure and chemistry
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psychological disorder psychological influences
stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories
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psychological disorder social cultural influences
roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder
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anxiety disorders
psychological disorder characterized by distressing persistent anxiety or maladaptive/dysfunctioning anxiety reducing behavior
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social anxiety disorder
intense fear and avoidance of social situations
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social anxiety being maladaptive
fear of being judged anxiety so in order to reduce anxiety you never go out in public
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generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
unidentified and anxiety is free floating so can not relieve stress
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panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minute long episodes of intense dread where a person may feel terror chest pain choking and other scary sensations and followed with worry about having another attack
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agoraphobia
fear or avoidance of situations like crowds/open areas where one has felt loss of control and panic
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phobias
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity or situation
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obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts/obsessions and actions/compulsions or both
the compulsions are responses to the obsessive thoughts
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OCD is common in
teens/young adults
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OCD related disorders
hoarding, body dysmorphia, hair pulling or skin picking
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posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling and or insomnia after traumatic event
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survivor resiliency
recovering after traumatic event or severe stress
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factors to PTSD development
amount of traumatic emotional distress, level of sensitivity in emotion processing limbic system, genes, and gender
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Anxiety is a feeling and a cognition
it is doubt laden appraisal of safety and social skill
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feud psychoanalytic theory say people
repress intolerable impulse, idea, feelings, and this submerged mental energy can leak out into odd symptoms
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classical conditioning interpretation of anxiety
fear responses link to neutral objects (ex: little albert and furry objects)
so anxiety/traumatized people learn to associate anxiety with cues
classical conditions stimulus generalization and operant conditioning reinforcement cause 1 event to trigger phobia
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stimulus generalization
occurs when people have a scary event and fear similar events
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reinforcement
maintain learned fears and anxiety by repeating maladaptive behavior that avoid and escape feared situations
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cognition interpretations of anxiety
say thoughts, memories, and expectations influence anxiety
observing others fears → develop fear
past experiences shape expectations and influence our interpretations and reactions
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people with anxiety disorders are hypervigilant meaning
they attend more to threatening more to threatening stimuli and interpret unknown stimuli as threatening
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anxiety is more common in people who
can not stop intrusive thoughts, have no control, and have a sense of helplessness
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biology interpretation of anxiety
fear/anxiety is genetic and 17 genes found to be linked with anxiety
genetic predispositions/epigenetic marks for high levels of emotional reactivity and neurotransmitter productions make us vulnerable to disorder
fear learning experience create fear circuits in amygdala creating inroad for disorder
natural selection and evolution prepare us to fear threats are ancestors faced
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anxiety disorders express as overarousal of brain areas in impulse control that
reflect a brain danger detection as hyperactive and producing anxiety without danger
ex: OCD when feeling amiss brain generated obsessions and compulsions
Studied by 12 people
