Ap Psych Ch 8: Memory

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Memory

The Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Ex:How you remember past info

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

Ex:Answering fill in the blank questions

Recognition

A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned

Ex:Multiple choice tests

Relearning

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when relearning materials again

Ex:If I were to rememorize all of my All Shook Up lines I could probably relearn them fairly quickly

Encoding

The process of getting information into the memory system

Ex:The more you understand something, the more likely you are to remember it

Retrieval

The process of getting information out of the memory storage

Ex:Pulling a file out of a file cabinet to get the information

Storage

The process of retaining encoded information over time

Ex:Like how computers use server rooms to hold info. It could also be like a ton of filing cabinets.

Parallel Processing

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brains natural mode of information in the memory system

Ex:When you’re in the shower and you are thinking of the different ways a situation could’ve played out

Sensory Memory

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Ex:The smell of the hadestown fog (I can’t remember what it smells like now but back then it was very memorable)

Short-Term Memory

Activated memory that holds a few items bruefky, such as digits of a phone number while callling, before the information is stored or forgotten

Ex:During Ap lang when I would say an idea and then immediately forget it 5 seconds later

Long-Term Memory

The relatively permanent and limitless store houses of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experience.

Ex:How I still remember how I cut my eye while scootering

Working Memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieval from long-term memory

Ex:When you’re doing a math problem, you hold the numbers in your mind while doing the other steps

Explicit Memory

Retention of facts and experience that one can know and “declare” (AKA Declarative Memory)

Ex:I can remember my first time going to Knotts Scary Farm (It was an experience that I can remember and explain)

Effortful Processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Ex:When trying to remember something you just learned

Implicit Memory

Retention of learning skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (AKA Nondeclarative Memory)

Ex:Being able to ride a bike (I can do it, but I can’t explain how I can do it)

Automatic Processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Ex:What you did yesterday, reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, etc (you don’t need to think about what you’re doing, you automatically do it)

Iconic Memory

A Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or photo-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Ex:If you look at something for a second, you will know for a split second, and then the brain forgets and tries to remember what it saw

Echoic Memory

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Ex:When someone says something to you and you aren’t paying attention so you only get the last bit of the sentence

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories - of facts and events - for storage

Ex:The reason we remember stuff when we are awake

Episodic Memory

Explicit memory of personally experienced events: one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic memories)

Ex:I remember what happened when the Hadestown cast list got release

Semantic Memory

Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is episodic memory)

Ex:I will always remember that the mitochondria is the powerhouse the cell

Shallow Processing

Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Ex:Cat rhymes with hat (Looking at a word and recognizing it at an elementary level rather than a deeper meaning)

Deep Processing

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of words; tends to yield the best retention

Ex:Memorizing psych terms (Instead of memorizing a word for what it looks like, you memorize it by the meaning)

Testing Effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information (AKA retrieval practice or test-enhanced

Ex:Quizzing yourself with flashcards

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Ex:How Mrs.Ahn organizes the chapters, making it easier to memorize (its easier to memorize in groups than everything at once)

Spacing Effect

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Ex:Studying over a long period of time is better than cramming

Memory Consolidation

The neural storage of a long term memory

Ex:Explains why studying over long periods of time helps with remembering (primarily because of sleep)

Flashbulb Memory

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or memory

Ex:I remember how flabbergasted I was when Jemiah kissed me for the first time

Mnemonics

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Ex:PEMDAS, Social Loafing, Never Eat Soggy Waffles, etc

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

An increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

Ex:Running lines makes them easier to remember (repeated practice strengthens neurons, making them very hard to forget")

Priming

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Ex:If shown the word yellow and then asked to name a fruit, you would most likely say banana (your brain automatically associates items with different things in the web of association)

Encoding Specificity Principle

The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Ex:The way I remember lines is by using the first few words in the other person line before mine as a handy cap

Mood-Congruent Memory

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

Ex:When I was younger, when something bad happened I would only remember the bad memories, but when I was happy I remembered the good memories

Serial Position Effect

Our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list

Ex:I can remember the first and most recent president but none of the ones in between

Anterograde Amnesia

An inability to form new memories

Ex:In 50 first dates, after the girl was in a car crash, the damage made it so she couldn’t make new memories, causing her to relive the day over and over

Retrograde Amnesia

An inability to retrieve information from ones past

Ex:In Captain Marvel when she was unable to remember her previous life before joining the team

Proactive Interference

The forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

Ex:If someone cant remember what they had for breakfast but can remember what they did a couple days ago (opposite of retroactive interference)

Retroactive Interference

The backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

Ex:The more I learn new lines, the harder it is to remember lines from previous shows

Repression

In psychoanalyitic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from conscious anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Ex:When Jemiah forgot about the time Marissa was mean to her and side eyed her in the bathroom

Reconsolidation

A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Ex:When someone is telling a story, they will accidently change some of the details because they forgot some of the events

Misinformation Effect

Occurs when misleading information has corrupted ones memory of an event

Ex:When you get into a crash you remember it being worse than it probably was (gaslighting)

Source Amnesia

Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was leaned or imagined (aka source misattribution). Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories

Ex:

Déjà Vu

The eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”. Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Ex:”Istg I’ve been here before”