anatomy: lower leg

another name for leg

crux or crus

(latin)

two bones that extend from the knee to the ankle

tibia

fibula

tibia

medial bone

weight bearing bone

what is the second largest bone in the leg

tibia

(femur largest)

fibula

lateral bone

non weight bearing

fibula lies

posteriolateral

15-20 degrees- mortise joint

distal fibula

lateral malleoli

body of fibula

triangular in cross section

proimxal fibula

apex

head

neck

most superior part of the proximal fibula

apex

distal tibia

medial malleoli

lateral- fibular notch

forms part of the ankle/ mortise joint

distal articular surface

proximal articular surface

fibular notch

fibular articular cartilage

tibial plafond????

body of the tibia

trangular in cross section

anterior tibial crest

proximal tibia

condyles

tibial plateus

tibial platues

articular facets

slopes posteriorly 10-15 degrees

menisci are

fibrocartialge disks/pads

menisci lie on the

tibial platues of each medial and lateral tibial condyle

(lateral and medial menisci)

the menisci along with other ligaments provides

stability for the knee

articular surface for the femur

the menisci acts as a

shock absorber

interosseous border is a

fiberour layer of tissue that separates the space between the bones (tibia and fibula)

the interosseous border increases the surface area for

muscle attachment

the interosseous border is __________ on xrays

not visible

interosseous crest/border

medial aspect of fibula

lateral aspect of tibia

intercondylar eminence

tibia spine and intercondylar tubercles (processes)

tibial spine

two sharp projections between plateaus

intercondylar tubercles

lateral and medial

tibial tuberosity

rough prominence on anterior surface inferior to condyles

tibial tuberosity serves as an attachment for

patellar ligament

ankle joint is also known as

tibiotalar joint

talocrural joint

mortise joint

the ankle joint is formed by

-distal tibia (tibial plafond and trochlear surface of talus)

-fibula

talocrural joint/ ankle joint classification

synovial, diarthrodial, hinge joint

talocrural joint/ ankle joint movement

dorsiflexion

plantar flexion

other movements depend on gliding motion of the tarsal joints

proximal tibiofibular joint is formed by

head of fibula

fibular articular surface of the tibia

proximal tibiofibular joint classification

synoival, diathrodial, gliding

proximal tibiofibular joint movement occurs during

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

distal tibiofibular joint is formed by

medial surface of distal fibula

fibular notch of the tibia

distal tibiofibular joint classification

fibrous, synarthrodial, syndesmosis (non moveable)

distal tibiofibular joint is connected by

fibrocartilage

lower leg routine

AP and lateral

AP lower leg

5 degrees internal rotation

check that patella is centered

lateral low leg

flex knee 45 degrees

dorsiflexion foot

interosseous space (seen)

lower leg routine basics

IR diagonal

dorsiflex foot

orientation- standing in front of you

1-2 in past joints

spiral fx of the tibia

-caused by severe torsion at the junction of middles and lower third of tibia

-fx of the fibula at another level is common due to jt being non moveable

sprains

injuries to the ligaments of the ankle

sprains is most common on the

lateral side

-anterior talo-fibular ligament

-calcaneo-fibular ligament

sprains are caused by

excessive stress to these ligaments can cause widening at the joint

all diarthrodial joints contain

capsular ligaments

ligaments connect

bone to bone

ligaments ______ and _______ movement of the joint

limit and stabilize

patella is the

largest and most constant sesamoid bone

(only sesamoid that's counted as a bone)

patella is located on the

anterior aspect of distal femur just above the joint

posterior surface of the patella is _____ in order to articulate with the ___________

smooth

anterior distal femur

structures of the patella

base (top/superior)

apex (bottom/ inferior)

base of patella

slightly rounder upper border

the base of the patella is attached to the femur by

quadriceps tendon

-increases the leverage of the quadriceps muscle

apex of scapula

attached to the tibial tuberosity by the patellar ligament

-knee joint localization

settegast method/ sunrise view

pt flex knee as much as possible

IR perpendicular to the patella

CR 15-20 degrees cephalic angle

settegast method/ sunrise view is done to visualize the

patellofemoral joint space

patellofemoral joint classification

diathrodial, synovial, gliding

bipartite patella

-incomplete fusion of patella

-congential disorder

-presents as 2 seperate bones

-incidental finding (can be mistaken as a fx)

bipartite patella is asymptomatic

occurs in 1% of population

more common in males

usually bilateral (50% of cases)

bipartite patella classifications

type 1-

type 2-

type 3-

inferior

lateral

superiolateral

dislocation of the patella

moves out of jt space usually full dislocation, hard/ rare for it to be partial

horizontal patella fx

-transverse fx (side to side)

-contradiction- do not do sunrise view if pt has this fx

longitudinal patella fx

vertical fx (up and down)

sunrise view done to visualize