Memorization Terms Biology

What is vertebral column made up of?

• cervical (neck)

• thoracic (upper back/chest)

• lumbar (lower back)

• sacral (hip)

• caudal (tail)

Pectoral Girdle

• part of appendicular skeleton

  • attaches front appendages to axial skeleton (vertebral column)

  • 2 clavicles, 2 scapula

Pelvic Girdle

• part of appendicular skeleton

  • attaches hind appendages to axial skeleton (vertebral column)

  • fused pelvic bones

What is the axial skeleton made up of?

• skull

• ribs

• sternum

• vertebral column

Humerus

• forelimb bone

• upper arm

Radius and Ulna

• forelimb bone

• lower arm

Carpals

• forelimb bone

• wrist

Metacarpals

• forelimb bone

• hands

Phalanges

• forelimb bone

• fingers

Femur

• hindlimb bone

• thigh

Patella

• hindlimb bone

• kneecap

Tibia and fibula

• hindlimb bone

• lower leg

Tarsal

• hindlimb bone

• ankle

Metatarsals

• hindlimb bone

• foot

Phalanges lower

• hindlimb bone

• toes

What are the 5 types of glial cells?

1. Astrocytes

2. Microglia

3. Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

4. Schwann Cells (PNS)

5. Radial Glial Cells

What are the 3 factors contributing to resting potential?

1. Sodium Potassium Pump

2. Ion specific channels allow passive ion movement

3. Polarity

Muscle levels of organization

muscle-muscle fascicles-skeletal muscel cells (fibers)-myofibrils-thick and thin filaments (myofilaments)

Midbrain

tip part of the brain stalk, analyzes center between spinal cord and forebrain

Thalamus

relay station (signaling) between midbrain and cerebellum

Medulla

most metabolic activities regulated or controlled here

Cerebellum

controls movement, equilibrium, and balance

Pituitary Gland

important hormonal gland

Corpus Callosum

thick band of nerve fibers connecting to the left and right side of the cerebrum

Cerebrum

main part of forebrain, biggest increase in brain size, controls with thinking, communication, reading etc.

Hypothalamus

housekeeping center of the brain; everything associated with homeostasis regulated here. Also important for hormones, hormonal gland.

Brain spinal cord ratios

fish 2:1

amphibians 10:1

reptiles 25:1

birds 35:1

humans 55:1

How are muscle cells contracted?

myosin heads attached to actin filaments and pull together shortening of sarcomere

A grouping of muscle cells

muscle fibers

muscle fibers bound together in bundles

fascicles

bundles of collagen fibers

tendons

bone moves as

muscle shortens

Contracting muscle exerts only what?

A pulling force- attached bones pulled toward or away from each other

requires ATP