Cardiovascular System: The Heart and Structure and Function of Blood Vessels

Scientific study of the heart is called______.

Cardiology

Which part of the embryo does the heart develop from?

Mesoderm

The heart begins to beat after ____days of conception.

22

How many weeks in does the heart begins to bends and folds?

fourth week

Cardiovascular system includes…

heart + blood vessels

Vessels that transports blood away from the heart are called_____.

Arteries

Vessels that transport blood toward the heart are called______.

Veins

Vessels that connects small arteries and veins are called_____.

Capillaries

What is the general function of the cardiovascular system?

Circulation

The heart is a ______component of the cardiovascular system.

central

The right side of the heart is called the _____ circuit.

pulmonary

The left side of the heart is called the _____ circuit.

systematic

The atria wall is separated by a wall called____.

Interatrial Septum

The ventricles are separated by a wall called____.

Interventricular Septum

What body parts does the arteries from the aorta go to?

head, neck, and upper limbs

Name all 3 of the aortic arteries

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

What is another name for the aortic artery valve?

Aortic Semilunar valve

What is another name for the Pulmonary artery valve?

Pulmonary Semilunar valve

What is the name the valve that separates the right atrium & ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

What is the name of the valve that separates the left atrium & ventricle?

Bicuspid valve

Name the the five great vessels of the heart.

Inferior Vena Cava

Superior Vena Cava

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary Vein

Root of Aorta

Transportation of blood from the left side of the heart to the systemic cell of the body for nutrients and gas exchange, and back to the right side of the heart is called_______circulation.

Systematic Circulation

Transportation of blood from the right side of the heart to the alveoli of the lungs for gas exchange, and back to the left side of the heart is called________ circulation.

Pulmonary Circulation

If there is an issue with the tendinous cord (chordae tendineae) there is a pathological issue called_____.

Regurgitation (when the valve doesn’t close properly causing backflow).

Name the 3 layers of the heart.

Pericardium

Endocardium

Myocardium

Name the tree bones that protect the heart.

Vertebrae

Sternum

Ribs

Specialized cardiac muscle cells within the heart are located internal to the endocardium; they are collectively called the heart’s______.

Conduction system

What is the order of the conduction system action potentials?

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibers

What does the P Wave reflect?

atrial depolarization

What is the QRS complex associated with?

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarizing

What is the T wave associated with?

Ventricular repolarization

What could possibly be happening if the PR interval lasts too long?

Heart Block

T or F: Atrial repolarization is visible on the (EKG/ECG).

False; it is not visible

Where does ventricular plateau occur?

ST segment

How many beats per minute is the average heart beat?

60-100 bpm

Longer relaxation period between beats and heart beat below 60 beats/minute may be a sign of?

Bradycardia

Persistently high resting heart rate and heart beat over 100 beat/minute may be a sign of

Tachycardia

What is tachycardia cause by?

Heart Disease, fever, and anxiety

What is bradycardia caused by?

hypothyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, and congestive heart failure

Arteries are _______ vessels, because they carry blood away from the heart.

efferent

Veins are ______ vessels, because the carry blood towards the heart.

afferent

Capillaries are ______ and exchange substances between blood and tissues.

porous

Arteries are considered the ______ vessels of the cardiovascular system.

resistant

Arteries are found all over the body except:

cartilages, cornea, nails, and epidermis

What are the three classes of arteries?

Rank in size and give an example

Conductivity (Large): Aorta

Distributing (medium): distributes to different organs. Ex. Renal artery

Resistance (small): Ex. Arterioles Artery, links up to the capillary artery

Systemic veins transport blood ____ in oxygen.

Low

Pulmonary veins transport blood ____ in oxygen.

high

The _____ is the located at the center of ALL blood vessels.

lumen

what is another name for the Tunica Interna and tunica externa?

Tunica Interna- Tunica intimae

Tunica Externa- adventitia

What are the three layers of tunica called?

Tunica Externa

Tunica media

Tunica intimae

The diameter of an artery will increase for ______ substance.

Vasoactive

The inner cellular lining of arteries, capillaries, and veins and is located inside the lumen is called____.

Vascular Endothelium

Larger arterioles will have how many layers of tunica?

Smaller arterioles will only have how many layers of tunica?

Larger- three layers

Smaller-one layer

Arterioles controls flow of blood in capillary beds through ________ and _______.

Vasodilation; vasoconstriction

What regulates blood flow ?

Metabolic factors

Endothelium- smooth tissue

Hormones- changes by receptor interaction at the arterial or elsewhere

Sympathetic tones in arterioles- nervous system

What are two functions of capillaries?

Exchanges gases and connect arterioles to venules

What are the three types of capillaries?

Continuous

Fenestrated

Discontinuous/ Sinusoids

Most common artery, has a gap between two cells called the intercellular cleft, tight junctions, found in the brain, muscle, skin, lungs, and only allows small molecules like glucose to pass through basement membrane is what type of capillary?

Continuous Capillary

What type of capillary is porous and is found intestine capillaries and kidney capillaries?

Fenestrated Capillaries

What type of capillary has an incomplete basement membrane, wider gap between cells for intracellular cleft, found in liver, spleen, bone marrow, and endocrine glands are very large and leaky?

Discontinuous/ Sinusoids

What are the three ways how exchange happens at the capillary bed?

Transcytosis, diffusion, and bulk flow