AP European History: Unit 6: Industrialization and Its Effects Condensed Notes:

Industrialization

This is a 19th-century trend that transformed the economy and society from a man-made/animal-driven world to one driven by machine-made products

Results in the abuse of workers. Workers are just cogs in the machine of industrialization

What does industrialization do to workers?

GB industrialized 100 years before everyone else.

When did Great Britain industrialize?

1. Agricultural Revolution

2. Entrepreneurship

3. Domestic and Colonial Markets

4. Ample Supplies

5. Pro-Industrial Government

Why was Great Britain ground zero for industrialization?

This planted a seed for innovation while providing a way to support an industrial labor force (enclosures).

What did the AR do for the IR?

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

They had major innovations in the textile industry and transportation improvements. They were the first nation to mass produce food to support an industrial labor force

Why was Britain so far ahead in the AR?

Russia could not mass produce food for mass labor, this resulted in their late industrialization.

Why couldn't Russia keep up in the AR?

Prior to the agricultural revolution, people provided only for themselves.

What did people do prior to the AR?

Now, markets were available to purchase food instead of making their own. Examples are innovations like the seed drill and selective breeding.

What were markets like in the AR?

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

The Enclosure Movement meant large uniform square fields. Rock walls were used to divide fields as well. Enclosing broke these large fields into sectors. They used the crop rotation method (only one crop per plot). They grew for England, not only for themselves. The fields were privately owned, and the government motivated them.

What did the enclosure movement do for the AR?

This was bad for farmers. They no longer worked for themselves but it did allow for mass production

Why was the enclosure movement bad for farmers?

Open Field System

system of farming that divided the land to be cultivated by the peasants of a given village into several large fields, which were in turn cut up into long, narrow strips-fields open and not enclosed into small plots by fences or hedges-large field as community-same pattern of plowing, sowing, and harvesting

Prior to this, there was the Open Field System. Each patron used an open field. They limited how much was grown and all the growth was done for themselves.

What was the system before the enclosure movement?

In the 1930s, Joseph Stalin finally collected fields in Russia sparking the industrial revolution

What did Stalin do in the 1930s?

The protestant work ethic is combined with a willingness to spend capital on "opportunity". There is a lot of money in circulation, people are more willing to take risks.

How did entrepreneurship lead to the AR?

Wealth did not exist in other countries (England got their wealth from wars and colonies). England has a middle class that can take chances.

Why was entrepreneurship unique in GB?

This population had a high need for inexpensive goods. Great Britain was raping their colonies for resources. The resources from the colonies were made into British markets

What did GB use their colonies for in the iR?

For example, India was used for its resources. In America, they were forced to buy British goods (mercantilism). They also wanted to be British, the more they used their goods the more similar they were to real British people.

How were India and America used as GB colonies?

They had many coal and iron ore deposits. Iron makes industry possible. Coal is used as energy to shape the material. England was rich in these deposits.

What supplies did GB have that put them ahead in the IR?

This government provided protection at both the federal and independent levels to drive the business climate. They created government subsidies which were government funds that businesses and industries could receive to give them the backbone to start production. They created patents and copyrights. The government promoted business in many ways.

How did the GB government support the IR?

government subsidies

Monetary assistance granted by a government to a person or group in support of an enterprise regarded as being in the public interest. Financial help.

John Kay (1733)

Who created the flying shuttle?

This doubled the process of weaving on a loom, which was now a one-person job.

It consisted of a three-part process

What was the flying shuttle?

Gather raw materials (cotton, silk, polyester, etc.)

Make material into yarn (known as yarning) to create thread

Weave into finished good

The flying shuttle weaves two times as fast as by hand

What was the loom weaving process? How did the flying shuttle speed it up?

Loomer

Person who weaves

The job of 2 loomers was replaced by one due to this machine.

How did the flying shuttle change the looming industry?

This opens the door for the industrial revolution in Britain. It also forced the other two processes to speed up.

What did the flying shuttle do for the IR?

Speed up the yarning process

Raw material was made into usable thread faster

This caused a need for cotton to be produced faster (sourced from the USA)

What did the Spinning Jenny (1783) do?

Eli Whitney

Who was the cotton gin created by?

This was a rotary wheel that removed seeds mechanically rather than plucking seeds from cotton

What was the cotton gin?

Whitney also came up with interchangeable parts. People only had to change out parts rather than the whole machine. It was cost-effective and timely

This only applied to guns but later applied to all machines

Whitney also came up with the idea of interchangeable parts. How did that help the IR?

Increased the number of looms in the production

What did Edmund Cartwright do with the power loom (1787)?

power loom (1787)

a loom operated mechanically, run by water putting the loom side by side with the spinning machines in factories, changed workers job from running it to watching it, Invented in 1787, invented by Edward Cartwright , it speeded up the production of textiles

New factories were powered by water because they were built near rivers

Why were new factories powered by water?

Originally used for water pumping in coal mines.

What was water pumping originally used for?

The steam engine was perfected by James Watt in the 1760s leading to factories

Who was the steam engine perfected by?

Horsepower, the mechanical power to turn the wheel with animals transformed to water power and then to steam. This created spin rotary wheels

How did mechanical power change over time?

Engines were becoming too large and needed more energy

Why was water power not enough anymore?

Watt was called to a coal mine. The pump removing water from the mine broke. He replaced the pump to be steam based which could now power giant machines.

How did Watt come up with steam power?

Factories

What did steam power lead to?

They produced more coal because it was the main ingredient for power and iron smelting

Why was more coal produced in GB?

In the 1880s, oil was introduced resulting in the decline of oil

What did the introduction of oil lead to?

This created more jobs but also led to child labor

What did coal mines do for workers?

In the early 18th century, new methods of smelting iron changed the industry

What changed the iron industry?

Abraham Darby

Pioneered the use of coal and blast furnaces instead of charcoal as cheaper and more useful

Henry Curt:

Perfected this system with the pig iron

Abraham Darby and Henry Curt

Who were the fathers of modern iron production?

Smelting

The process by which ore is melted to separate the useful metal from other elements. : Heated to manipulate product into a specific shape

They no longer used fire in the iron industry, just heat through smelting

What isn't used in the iron industry anymore?

Coking

contamination of carbon dioxide deposits that are formed by oil evaporation, especially in the bearing compartments where heat is concentrated. Heat up air to smelt iron, rather than the use of direct fire

Easier to manipulate and a much cleaner result

This leads to steel

Why was coking easier than other methods? What did it lead to?

British dominates coal and iron output in the 19th century, no one could compete

What did GB dominate in?

Railroads become the main form of transportation

What becomes the main form of transportation?

Prior to railroads, water was used. This is why the Netherlands dominated with its canal system. However, the canals are no longer sufficient enough.

What was used before railroads?

Richard Trevithick

English engineer who built the first railway locomotive (1771-1833)

Richard Trevithick came up with the idea of rails and locomotion. They were powered by steam and built with iron.

What did Trevithick come up with?

This becomes the chief means of moving goods. This allows more goods to move at a much faster rate.

What are the pros of the railroad?

This leads to the outbreak of disease, specifically cholera. This brings together parts of the world that previously were not connected. They contaminated areas due to increased contact. There were major outbreaks from 1832-1849. More diseased goods and humans are transported.

What were the cons to the railroad?

Cholera

an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food

There were major outbreaks from 1832-1849.

When were cholera outbreaks?

This brings together parts of the world that previously were not connected. They contaminated areas due to increased contact. More diseased goods and humans are transported.

How did railroads contribute to cholera outbreaks?

The working era begins here

What does the facotry system create?

Prior to the industrial revolution, the cottage industry was the main form of production. Work came to you. Your home was your warehouse. Your job was either at your house or in your immediate community.

What was the facotry industry like prior to the IR?

In the 18th century, your house was no longer big enough to fit these machines. Your home is not adequate enough for management to maintain labor. This is where the idea of physically going to work is created.

WHy did work have to move to the factories in the 18th century?

Factory System

This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.

Richard Arkwright

Who created the facotry system?

Industrial machines could only be maintained and run in the factory. This concentrates production in one place including materials and labors.

How was the facotrysystem different from the cottage industry?

Factories were located near sources of power rather than labor or markets. This does require a lot of capital investments (factories, machines, etc).

Where were factories located?

Only 10% of England worked in Industry in 1850. This eventually becomes 40%.

What percentage of the workers worked in facotires in 1850?

Industrial Cities became commonplace so the commute to work was shorter. People came to cities to work.

Why were industrial cities common?

Production was no longer owned by the individual. Production was owned by an investor which made people who were once small business owners employees. They got paid hourly rather than on a salary.

How did production change?

Workers must maintain a rigid schedule. They would work 12-16 hours a day. This includes dangerous conditions and mind-numbing monotony.

What type of schedule did workers maintain?

Most farmers worked based on the reasons and weather. Now they had to work to someone else's schedule. It was brutal and the pay was minimal

How was scheduled working different for most employees?

There were also no labor laws at this point. It happened too quickly for the government to react.

Why weren't there labor laws?

People had very specific duties making their lives very monotonous. They were responsible for the same job each day. Most people knew more interesting work before this, making this adjustment even harder.

Why were facotry jobs so monotonous?

Timeshift, strict rules, and punishments for misbehavior. Employees would dock salary, expel their workers and punish them for drinking. Children were usually beaten. Since these jobs were so monotonous the laborers were very expendable.

What were the adjustments for farmers to factory workers?

Dr. Andrew Ure

Who supported factory work?

Some people define this and think it's a great idea. It will teach people the value of hard work. Dr. Andrew Ure celebrated factories. It was demanding and would make people tougher.

Why was factory work supported?

Frederick Engle

Who discusses why factory work is a bad thing?

He synthesized with Karl Marx, they both wrote the communist manifesto together. He criticized industrial labor which was similar to Marx's ideas.

Who did ENgle synthesize with? Why?

Engle was the son of a wealthy industrial investor. He grew up with it which is why he was aware of the problems

Who was Engle the son of?

The world would never know simplicity again. Work and labor were stressful.

What would the world never know again due to factory labor?

The increase was not due to more birth, it was due to a decline in death rates.

Whyw as there a popualtion increase in Europe?

People were living longer. The scientific revolution came up with many theories about the human body. Innovations to eradicate disease became more common. There were also greater opportunities for women to survive childbirth.

Why was there an increase in lifespan in the 1850s?

Prior to the 19th century, the English diet was bread. That is not nutritious. With more fruits and vegetables people could live longer due to greater nutritional value. They had more money to eat better and to live in more sanctuary conditions.

How did the population increase due to economics?

Not every nation has a population boom. Ireland saw a population doom in 1848.

What nation did not have a population boom?

The Irish Famine

The potato crops in Ireland became diseased and the Irish starved. Set off the immigration to the U.S.

The potato represents 90 percent of the Irish diet. It was very easy to grow and cheap. Even though they are not nutritious they are very filling.

What was the staple food in ireland?

There was a fungus that eradicated upwards of 98% of the crop. Ireland had no means to support itself.

What happened to the irish potato?

England also refused to help them out. They allowed it to wreak havoc on the Irish Population. They had been trying to subdue the Irish for many years and strip them of their property. This was an opportunity to get that done

What was the true cause of Ireland's doom?

Soup Kitchens

What did Britain open to help Ireland?

Britain opened up food pantries and soup kitchens to provide Irish relief. However, to get soup the Irish would have to convert to Anglicanism. This was another one of their goals, to eradicate catholicism.

What was the catch with British soup kitchens?

Even though Ireland does not have a population boom, other industrial cities have increased in size.

What happens to the popualtion of indsutrial cities?

There was a massive population increase in London, Liverpool, Leeds, and Manchester. The Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Northern France all have pockets of industrialization.

Where were the main population increases due to industrialization?

There is not a lot of industrialization in Italy, Spain, or Russia. These are cities that are agriculturally centered and do not industrialize for another 200 years.

Where was there a lack of industrialization?

These new cities were all built near resources. Some were built near water, others were built near coal or iron.

What were new cities built near?

Urbanization was brutal. The environmental impact was extremely negative. This created cramped living conditions.

What was the environmental impact of the IR?