AP WORLD UNIT 6: HEIMLER'S HISTORY REVIEW

What demographic shift was inspired by industrialization?

Most migrants both internal and external moved to cities, increasing industrialization. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century

How did world power shift during the Industrial Revolution?

The wealth and power of industrial nations grew larger than those who did not industrialize. The balance of power in the world shifted to those who industrialized. For example, textile production in Egypt and India failed to compete with the mechanized production in Britain.

How did industrialization lead to imperialism, or the desire for more colonies?

Industrialized nations were seeking raw materials for their factories. Industrialized states felt superior to those who hadn't industrialized. Because most of these places were not in Europe part of this was white superiority based in racist ideology that began with the 15th century trans-Atlantic slave trade. This helps to explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750-1900.

What was Social Darwinism? How was it used to justify imperialism?

Based on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, it was the belief that the strong always defeat the weak. Therefore, powerful nations should defeat weaker ones just as the rich can dominate the poor. It was believed to be natural.

What was nationalism and what was its connection to imperialism?

Nationalism was immense pride in nation based on a common identity. Sometimes it is built at the expense of others. Building a large empire was a way of building nationalism, as was done by Britain, France and Japan.

What economic motives led to the continuation of imperialism?

Imperialism and production of natural resources led to great wealth, so European nations kept expanding their holdings in Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa.

How did imperialism expand European control over African lands?

Instead of trading post empires a "scramble for Africa" began. The British took control of Egypt in order to create the Suez Canal for a quicker route to the Indian Ocean. The French established settler colonies in Algeria in North Africa.

What was the Berlin Conference?

Due to tensions between European powers over claimed lands in Africa in European leaders gathered in Berlin in 1884-1885 to decide which African lands each would claim without fighting. Africans were not invited, but nearly the entire continent was divided up and claimed by Europeans.

How did India come to be controlled by the British?

The British had long had trading posts in India, but as the Mughal Empire weakened they claimed more and more land until most of India was under British control. This helps to explain the process by which state power shifted in various parts of the world from 1750 to 1900.

Who came to dominate much of Southeast Asia?

The Dutch. In Indonesia, the Dutch government took direct control instead of allowing the Dutch East India Company to rule there. This gave the government a lot of money and power.

How did Japan join European states as a colonizing power?

In order to avoid being colonized themselves, the Japanese enacted a series of reforms under the Meiji Restoration. These reforms including adopting western industrialization and becoming a colonizing power.

What did imperialism look like in China?

Europeans did not want direct control over China. They wanted to control trade rights in China, which is a form of economic imperialism. Through a series of wars called the Opium Wars and the Treaty of Nanjing, the British, and then other European powers, gained the power to control Chinese policy. They also carved out parts of China for themselves called Spheres of Influence where they had exclusive trading rights. This is a good example of the significance of imperialism from 1750-1900

How did the experience of being colonized increase nationalism in some places?

Many were outraged at the actions of Europeans and banded together to organize resistance and to create new states. This helps to explain how and why internal and external factors influenced the process of state building from 1750-1900.

What is an example of a new state being formed by those who had been conquered by a foreign power?

Partly inspired by the French Revolution, Serbians and Greeks in the Balkans rose up against Ottoman power and established their own states in 1815 and 1832, respectively.

What are some examples of organized resistance against imperialism in America?

- The Cherokee tried to push back against US claims on American Indian lands in the Supreme Court, but President Andrew Jackson removed them from their lands and forced them further west in the Trail of Tears.

- In the northwest, American Indians began a practice called the Ghost Dance to try to get rid of those of European descent. This eventually led to the conflict at Wounded Knee where the Sioux Indians were crushed by the US government ending the Indian Wars.

What is an example of organized resistance against imperialism in Africa?

The Cattle Killing Movement (didn't work, resulted in famine)

How did farming and production change in Asia, Africa and the Americas due to imperialism?

Many people moved from being subsistence farmers to cash crop farming. This means that instead of growing the food they needed to survive they were selling crops for export.

Which crops became especially profitable due to industrialization?

Cotton, rubber and palm oil. Cotton was needed in the early part of the Industrial Revolution as Britain focused on textiles. Rubber and palm oil were needed for factory machines.

What kinds of global economic changes were created?

The world became increasingly interconnected as colonies were not only a source of raw materials but also a market for finished products. Also, colonial economies weakened due to their focus on producing cash crops and they needed to get food from other places.

Why did people from India and China migrate around the world in this time period? What was the cultural impact?

Most people moved for the purpose of labor. Some of the contracts they were signed to were traps, however, and led to involuntary servitude. Some stayed by choice after their indenture was completed, others returned home. Those who stayed dispersed Indian and Chinese culture into these places.

Why did the Irish migrate in this era?

The Irish were trying to escape the Potato Famine (1845-1849) that led to widespread famine and death. Many came to the United States. This is an example of how environmental changes lead to migration.

What were some of the negative responses to mass migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries?

There was a nativist backlash against migrants who were willing to take low wages, and thus were seen as competition for jobs. An example of this was the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

What were the primary cultural justifications for Imperialism?

Social Darwinism and the 'Civilizing Mission' (White Man's Burden) used to justify European dominance.

How did the Industrial Revolution directly cause Imperialism?

Factories needed raw materials and new markets for finished goods.

What is the difference between Direct Rule and Indirect Rule in colonies?

Direct Rule used European officials to govern, while Indirect Rule used local rulers.

How did state expansion change in Africa during this period?

It shifted from coastal trading posts to full-scale territorial conquest known as the 'Scramble for Africa.'

What caused the rise of Anti-Colonial Resistance movements?

Increased interference in local customs and religion led to revolts like the Sepoy Mutiny and the Boxer Rebellion.

How do the Tupac Amaru II Rebellion and Samory Touré's War compare?

Both were indigenous resistances against imperial powers that ultimately failed but inspired later nationalism.

How did Economic Imperialism differ in Latin America vs. Asia?

In Latin America, foreign powers controlled the economy through debt; in Asia, it involved Spheres of Influence.

How did global Labor Systems change after the abolition of slavery?

Imperial powers turned to Indentured Servitude and Contract Labor for cheap work.