Intro to Gross Anatomy: Posterior Leg, Ankle Joint, & Foot Study Guide

gastocnemius, soleus, plantaris

what muscles make up the superficial layer of the posterior leg?

popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and tibialis posterior

what muscles make up the deep muscles of the posterior leg?

gastrocnemius

what is the highlighted muscle in the picture?

Medial head: medial femoral condyle and popliteal surface adjacent to medial condyle

Lateral head: lateral femoral condyle and shaft above lateral condyle, lateral supracondylar line

what is the proximal attachment of the gastrocnemius?

calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

what is the distal attachment of the gastrocnemius?

tibial nerve

what is the innervation of the gastrocneumius?

plantar flexion, assists with knee flexion, ankle inversion

what is the function of the gastrocnemius?

fibular head and proximal 1/3 of posterior fibula, soleal line and middle 1/3 of medial tibial shaft

what is the proximal attachment of the soleus?

calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon

what is the distal attachment of the soleus?

tibial nerve

what is the innervation of the soleus?

ankle plantar flexion, foot inversion

what is the function of the soleus?

assist in knee flexion

what action does the gastrocnemius do that the soleus does not?

lateral aspect of supracondylar line of femur

what is the proximal attachment of the plantaris?

calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon

what is the distal attachment of the plantaris?

tibial nerve

what is the innervation of the plantaris?

assists with ankle plantar flexion and knee flexion

what is the function of the plantaris?

popliteus

what is this muscle?

lateral condyle of femur, knee joint capsule, lateral meniscus, arcuate popliteal ligament

what is the proximal attachment of the popliteus?

posterior surface of the tibia above soleal line

what is the distal attachment of the popliteus?

tibial nerve

what is the innervation of the popliteus?

knee flexion, internal rotation of the tibia on femur (open-chain) and externally rotates the femur on the tibia (closed chain)

what is the function of the popliteus?

flexor hallucis longus

what is this muscle?

inferior 2/3 of posterior shaft of fibula, interosseous membrane

what is the proximal attachment of the flexor hallucis longus?

plantar surface of base of the distal phalanx of great toe

what is the distal attachment of the flexor hallucis longus?

tibial nerve

what is the innervation of the flexor hallucis longus?

flexion of IP of great toe, assists with flexion of MP of great toe, assists with ankle plantar flexion and inversion

what is the function of the flexor hallucis longus?

flexor digitorum longus

what is this muscle?

posterior surface of middle 2/3 of tibia

what is the proximal attachment of the flexor digitorum longus?

plantar surface of the base of the distal phalanx of toes 2-5

what is the distal attachment of the flexor digitorum longus?

tibial nerve

what is the innervation of the flexor digitorum longus?

flexes MP, PIP, and DIP of toes 2-5, assists with ankle plantar flexion and foot inversion

what is the function of the flexor hallucis longus?

tibialis posterior

what is the muscle highlighted in green?

posterior tibia inferior to soleal line, proximal 2/3 of posterior fibula and fibular head, interosseous membrane, deep fascia

what is the proximal attachment of the tibialis posterior?

tuberosity of navicular bone, 3 cuneiforms bones, cuboid, bases of metatarsals 2-4

what is the distal attachment of the tibialis posterior?

tibial nerve

what is the innervation of the tibialis posterior?

foot inversion, assists with ankle plantar flexion

what is the function of the tibialis posterior?

tibial nerve

all of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg are innervated by what nerve?

posterior tibial artery

where do the muscle of the posterior compartment of the leg mostly get their blood supply from?

varicose veins

what is it called when the valve within a vein fails?

Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibial artery, tibial nerve, flexor hallucis longus (Tom, Dick, and Harry)

what are the contents of the tarsal tunnel?

plantar fascia

what is the deep fascia that connects the calcaneus to the base of the toes?

2

how many neurovascular planes are there in the plantar foot?

4

how many muscular layers are there in the plantar foot?

between the first and second layer of muscles

where does the superficial neurovascular plane lie?

between the third and fourth layer of muscles

where does the deep neurovascular plane lie?

3

how many muscles are there in the first layer of the plantar foot?

abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and abductor digiti minimi

what are the muscles of the first layer of muscles in the plantar foot?

flexor digitorum longus tendon, flexor hallucis longus tendon, quadratus plantae, lumbricls

what are the contents of the second layer of the plantar foot?

4

how many structures are there in the second layer of the plantar foot?

3

how many structures are there in the third layer of the plantar foot?

flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis

what are the structures in the third layer of the plantar foot?

2

how many structures are there in the fourth layer of the plantar foot?

plantar interossei, dorsal interossei

what are the structures of the fourth layer of the plantar foot?

3

how many plantar interossei do we have in each foot?

4

how many dorsal interossei do we have in each foot?

medial and lateral plantar nerves

what is the nerve supply do we have in the plantar foot?

medial and lateral plantar arteries

what blood supply to we have in the plantar foot?

posterior tibial artery

the medial and lateral plantar arteries are branches from what larger artery?

lateral plantar artery

the deep plantar arch is a continuation of what?

median nerve

the medial plantar nerve is similar to that of what nerve in the hand?

ulnar nerve

the lateral plantar nerve is similar to that of what nerve in the hand?

3

how many arches do we have in our foot?

medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch, transverse arch

what are the names of the arches in our foot?

calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and three metatarsal bones

what bones make the medial longitudinal arch?

calcaneus, cuboid, and lateral two metatarsal bones

what bones make the lateral longitudinal arch?

cuboid, 3 cuneiforms, and the bases of the metatarsals

what bones make the transverse arch?

subtalar joint

what joint allows the foot to invert and evert?

anterior talofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament, and calcenofibular ligament

what are the lateral ligaments of the foot?

deltoid ligament

what is another name for the medial ligament of the ankle?

abductor hallucis

what is this muscle?

medial process of tuberosity of calcaneus

what is the proximal attachment of the abductor hallucis?

medial side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe

what is the distal attachment of the abductor hallucis?

medial plantar nerves

what is the innervation of the abductor hallucis?

abduction of the great toe

what is the function of the abductor hallucis?

flexor digitorum brevis

what is this muscle?

medial process of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis

what is the proximal attachment of the flexor digitorum brevis?

both sides of middle phalanges of toes 2-5

what is the distal attachment of the flexor digitorum brevis

medial plantar nerve

what is the innervation of the flexor digitorum brevis?

MP and PIP flexion of toes 2-5

what is the function of the flexor digitorum brevis?

abductor digiti minimi

what is the muscle highlighted in green?

medial and lateral processes of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeruosis

what is the proximal attachment of the abductor digiti minimi

lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th toe

what is the distal attachment of the abductor digit minimi

lateral plantar nerve

what is the innervation of the abductor digiti minimi?

abduction and MP flexion of 5th toe

what is the function of the abductor digiti minimi?

2

the quadratus plantae is in what planatar foot layer?

2

the lumbricals are in what planatar foot layer?

quadratus plantae

what is the muscle highlighted in green?

lateral head: lateral border of the plantar surface of calcaneus and lateral border of long plantar ligament

medial head: medial border of the calcaneus and medial border of long plantar ligament

what is the proximal attachment of the quadratus plantae?

lateral margin of tend of flexor digitorum longus

what is the distal attachment of the quadratus plantae?

lateral plantar nerve

what is the innervation of the quadratus plante?

DIP flexion of toes 2-5

what is the function of the quadratus plantae?

1st toe: originates by a single head from the medial side of the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus bound for the 2nd toe

2nd - 4th toes: originate by double head from the adjacent sides of flexor digitorum longus tendons bound for toes 3-4

what is the proximal attachment of the lumbricals?

proximal phalanges and dorsal expansion of the tendons of ext dig longus for toes 2-5

what is the distal attachment of the lumbricals?

1st toe: medial plantar toe

2-4 toes: lateral plantar nerve

what is the innervation of the lumbricals?

MP flexion toes 2-5 and assists with PIP and DIP extensions toes 2-5

what is the function of the lumbricals?

flexor hallucis brevis

what is the muscle highlighted in the picture?

lateral part: medial part of the plantar surface of cuboid, lateral cuneiform

medial part: tendon of tibialis posterior, medial intermuscular septum

what is the proximal attachment of the flexor hallucis brevis?

both sides of base of proximal phalanx of great toe

what is the distal attachment of the flexor hallucis brevis?

medial plantar nerve

what is the innervation of the flexor hallucis brevis?

MP flexion of great toe

what is the function of the flexor hallucis brevis?