Feeds and Feeding Exam 3

Describe the differences between the following terms:: Complete feed, premix, and VTM. What does VTM stand for

complete feed - prepared and delivered by a mill as ready-to-feed product, premix - contains vitamins and trace minerals, mixed with grain, protein, salt, calcium, and phosphorour, 5-10 lb per ton, VTM - vitamin trace mineral - similar to premix

What are 5 different physical forms of commercial feeds

meal, pellets, crumbles, wafers, range cake or cubes, blocks or tubs

What would be some common ingredients in a liquid feed

molasses, urea, NPN source, vitamins, minerals, medications

What organization has established the format and suggested componenets of a feedtag

AAFCO

What are the 6 components of a proximate analysis? what does each of them measure

Dry matter, ash (minerals), crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract

How is crude protein determined

N * 6.25 = CP (Kjeldahl process)

Describe the proper way of sampling round and square bales of hay

round - sample from curved sides, square - sample from small end

Why is it important to obtain a representative sample of a feed before sending it off for analysis

Identification and sampling

What are ADF and NDF? What is the difference between them

ADF - acid detergent fiber, negatively correlated with digestibility, NDF - neutral detergent fiber - negatively correlated with dry matter intake

What is ADIN and what is it used for

Acid detergent insoluble N - (total N - ADIN) = available N

Which analytical measure can be used to predict voluntary feed intake

NDF

Which analytical measure can be used to predict digestibility

ADF

What are the advantages and disadvantages of testing feeds using NIRS

advantages - speed, simplicity of sample preparation, can analyze multiple consitutents in one operation, disadvantges - high precision instrument, dependence on calibration procedures, inability to analyze minor constituents

% calf crop is incredibly important to profitability. during what periods of time does nutrition have the greatest impact on % calf crop

Early lactation

what is body condition scoring? why is it useful

1 = thin, 9 = obese. BCS affect post-partum interval, conception rate, colostrum quality

what factors affect the nutrient requirements of beef cows

Stage of production, milk production level, body condition score, cow size, age, weather, physical activity

what are the 4 stages of production for beef cows

early lactation, early gestation, mid gestation, late gestation

in which stage of production do beef cows have their greatest nutrient requirements? lowest nutrient requirements?

greatest = early lactation, lowest = mid gestation

what is the target BCS for cows at breeding

5

what are the advantages that can be gained during mid gestation

regain body condition lost from lactation, opportunity to use poor quality, inexpensive forages

what happens to nutrient requirements during late gestation? why

increases - preparing for lactation

what is the target BCS for cows at calving

5

What are the consequences of lowering a cow’s plane of nutrition prior to calving

Pregnancy issues

calving time can be influenced by feeding time. how does that work

Feeding at noon and 10 pm can decrease number of cows calving overnight

when matching cows to their resources, what are the factors involved related to forage supply? What factors are involved related to nutrient demand

forage supply - grazing season, forages available to be grazed, nutrient demand - cow size, milk production level, calving time, weaning time

what happens when forage protein drops below 7%? What does protein supplementation do when this is the case

forage intake decreases. protein supplementation increases forage intake and digestion

why is NPN not a great supplement for cows on poor quality forages? What is the limit to how much a producer should use

NPN utilization decreases as inclusion rates increase and forage quality decreases. limit to < 30%

when might a producer want to supplement energy? What types of energy supplements are available? are there any limitations to how much should be used?

when performance is limited by energy intake, but forag eprotein is not limiting microbial activity

explain a negative associative effect? how can it be prevented

0.3% of BW of high starch may decrease fiber utilization

do beef cows need to be supplemented protein daily? why or why not? what might be some limitations to supplementing less frequency

no - 2, 3 times per week. rumen microbes can store N

what are some of the key macro and micro minerals required by beef cattle? do they know what they need

CA, P, Mg, Na, Co, Cu, I - no, maybe Na and P

what effect does cold stress have on dry matter intake? what practices can be put in place to account for this effect

increase dry matter intake. increase energy density of feed

what are 3 types of creep feeding? what are the advantages of creep feeding? disadvantages? when might a producer see the best results from creep feeding?

High energy, high protein/limit-fed, grazing. advantages - increase calf weaning weight, reduce amount of forage consumed by calves, allows calves to express growth potential, helps familiarize calves with “dry” feed. Best results - forage is too mature for utilization by nursing calves, forage quantity is inadequate, milk production is poor

between milk, forage, and creep feed, what are the priorities of the calves

milk, palatable creep feed, forage

what should be the target ADG for growing bull calves? how much energy and protein should they receive

2.5 - 4 lbs. energy = 0.45 - 0.55 Mcal NEg/lb. protein - 14%-15%

what is the target BCS for bull calves at the beginnning of the breeding season

6

what can happen if the bulls are too fat

may fatigue rapidly = fewer conceptions, fat can interfere with temperature regulation of testes

why should bulls be given ample area for exercise

remain sound longer, higher libido during breeding

what should a producer do with a bull that has gotten overly fleshy

gradually reduce energy level in diet

after the breeding season is over, how should each group of bulls be fed (mature, young or thin, and old or crippled)

three groups - mature bulls in good conditions, young and thin bulls, old and crippled bulls to be marketed

what are 4 things to focus on during the post-breeding period for bulls

keep feed costs at a minimum, keep bulls in moderate condition, minimize chance of injury, allow growth of young bulls, add weight to cull bulls

why is it beneficial to get heifers to calve early

continue to calve early, increased likelihood of becoming pregnant as 2 yr olds and to calve early as 3 yr olds, wean heavier calves, gerater lifetime production

how does growth rate pre weaning and post weaning affect puberty in heifer

what are the target weights at breeding and calving for heifers

65% of mature weight of breeding, 85% of mature weight at calving

does timing of gain need to be consistent from weaning to breeding? why or why not

does not need to be consistent - end at same weight

how do ionophores affect heifer development

what is the target BCS for heifers at calving? why is it important

6 - increased number of pregnant by 60 days in subsequent breeding season

what is the target BCS for a 2 year old lactating female at breeding? why is it important

6 - gaining weight following calving and through the next breeding season

what is the #1 goal of a receiving program

get cattle on feed as quickly as possible

what preparations should be done on the operation prior to arrival of new calves

feed bunks and waterers should be located along the fence line, everything should be clean

from a nutrition prespective, what are the initial goals of a receiving period

maintain BW, restore cattle health and strength, improve rumen function

how does intake of newly arrived calves differ from what it might be later in the feeding period? how might this affect the nutrients in the diet

upon arrival may less than half of normal and not reutnr to normal for up to 3 weeks

what vitamins and minerals are important during the receiving period

electrolytes, Cu, Cr, Fe, Se, Zn, Vitamin E

what are some feed additives (not grains, protein sources, vitamins, or minerals) commonly used during the receiving period

antibiotics, coccidiostats, ionophores, probiotics, yeast

what is pre conditioning? what are the objectives? how long does it last?

what is a wintering program? what are the objectives? how long does it last?

prepares calves to be placed on pasture the following summer. large quantities of forage, drought strategy for yearlings, born in march, feed minimal november-summer

what is a growing program? what are the objectives? how long does it last?

moderate gains, can utilize home grown feeds and inexpensive byproducts

what is a yearling program? what are the objectives? how long does it last? why does it make a good drought management strategy for producers

grazing weaned calves over the summer, supplementation depends on forage quality and quantity - can sell calves if forage supply is short

what are the goals of a finishing program

maintain health, maximize growth rate, minimize lb of feed per lb of gain, reach acceptable quality grade, avoid excess fatness

describe the three primary strategies used to adapt cattle to a high grain diet

multiple step-up diets - start at 40-50% roughage, gradually reduce % roughage in 4 to 11 days with 2 to 5 step-up diets to finishing diet. two-ration blending - high roughage diet, low roughage diet, gradually change bleds of the two diets to reach finishing by 21 days on feed. multiples of maintenance - start with finishing diet but limit intake to 2.3x the maintenance requirement, increase to 2.5x, 2.7x, and 2.9x each week and must use an ionophor

what would be the common protein and energy levels used in feedlot diets

60-70 Mcal Neg/cwt energy, 12-14% CP and urea up to 1% of diet for protein

what is the maximum amount of urea that should be used in feedlot diets

1%

what is the maximum amount of total diet fat for a feedlot diet

8%

describe how Ca and P nutrition be handled for feedlot cattle

Ca:P ratio of 1.5:1 to 2:1

describe how trace mineral nutrition should be handled for feedlot cattle

extra Cu and Zn maybe

why is bunk management important? why is it important to do it at the same time every day

compare to previous days and evaluate cattle eating rate. same time every day to accurately compare

describe Dr. Pritchard’s bunk scoring system

0-4. 0-none left, 4-almost all left

how does water intake affect feed intake

less water = less feed intake

what are advantages and disadvantages of feeding 1,2, or 3 times per day

1 - convenient, cattle may not perform as well, 2 - may be better than once per day in the morning, once per day in the evening is better, 3 - greater ADG and better feed efficiency than 1 or 2 times per day, more efficiency use of equipment

what are the 2 types of acidosis? how do they differ

what feeds are most likely to cause acidosis

dry rolled wheat, steam rolled barley, temper rolled barley, high moisture corn, flaked wheat, steam flaked corn, steam flaked sorghum, high moisture corn, dry rolled corn, dry whole corn, dry rolled sorghum

if an animal gest acidosis, what other health problems might that encounter

low or erratic feed intake, stiffness in the legs, laminitis, founder, severe ruminal lesions, death

how can acidosis be prevented

loewr concentrate diets, less processed diets, proper adaptation, bunk management

what causes liver abscesses? How can they be controlled

ruminal acidosis. control - formerly, addition of antibiotics, increasing dietary roughage, careful adaptation to high grain diets

what types of bloat might occur in feedlot cattle? how can they be prevented

free gas. prevention - careful adaptation, adding roughage, ionophores

what are the 2 main types or causes of polioencephalomalacia (PEM)

thiamin-associated, sulfur-associated

what is urinary calculi? what are the signs? how can it be prevented

prevention - maintain Ca:P ratio of at least 1.5:1, feed ammonium chloride at 1-1.5 oz/head/day, feed white salt up to 4% of diet

what has happened to the number of dairy farms, number of cows per farm, and annual milk production per cow over the past 30 years

herds are larger and more efficient, grain is 50% of lactation diet, milk production 2x to 4x higher than before

what has happened to the dairy industry in South Dakota over the past 20 years

describe the significant differences in dairy production over the past 50 years

what are some key industry transformations in each category that have occurred during that period of time

capital investments -

feed harvest and storage -

feed delivery -

management

capital investments - refrigerated bulk tanks, confinement facilities. feed harvest and storage - better quality feed, minimal waste during harvest and storage. feed delivery - movement away from component diets, replaced with TMR. management - improvements in genetics, advances in nutrition and environment

when does the far off dry period begin

20 to 40 days non lactating, late gestation

when does the close up dry period begin

21 days prior to calving

in general, how do the diets of far-off, close up, and lactating cows differ with respect to the % forage and % grain

far off - 90% forage, 10% grain. Close up - 70% forage, 30% grain. lactation - 50% forage, 50% grain

what are the goals of a typical far off cow diet

maintain moderate body condition, minimize costs

what are the goals of a typical close up cow diet

adapt rumen to greater nutrient load, ensure controlled change in ruminal microbial population, limits digestive upset, full adaptation from forage diet to 50% grain diet takes about 5 weeks

what is one group dry cow diet and why might a farm choose it

single dry diets for entire dry period - more convenient

Why do close up diets contain fewer cations and more anions

triggers Ca and P mobilization from bone

at what urinary pH is a dairy cow considered to be at low risk for milk fever

low pH

at what urinary pH is a dairy cow considered to be at high risk for milk fever

high pH

why is adequate dry matter intake prior to and after calving important

reproductive failure and poor milk production

why are adequate adaptation, thorough mixing, and proper particle size distribution important

sorting, acidosis, ketosis, dispalced abomasum

sorting at the bunk results in excessive starch consumption and inadequate forage consumption. what can this result in

poor rumination and saliva flow, decreased ruminal pH, ruminal acidosis, milk fat deposition

what are the keys to successful diet adaptation

proper forage quality and particle size, prevention of sorting via an appropriate TMR, sufficient non fiber carbohydrate

relative to lactation nutrition, what is the greatest challenge

forage quality

what are some of the critical nutrients during early lactation

water, energy, protein, minerals

what is metabolizable protein? what comprises it

RUP + Microbial crude protein

why is RDP important to the nutrition of the lactating cow

maximize MCP production

what are some good sources of RUP

heat treated SBM, fish meal

what are considered to be the most limiting amino acids for dairy cows

lysine, methionine