STEM-Body System, Muscles, Skeletal System

cell

cell

the basic unit of structure and function of a living thing.

function: they carry on processes that keep the organism alive.

cell membrane

is the cells border.

nucleus

directs the cells activities and holds info that control a cells function.

cytoplasm

rest of a cell, made of a jellylike substance that contain many cell structures. those cell structures have specific jobs.

tissue

group of similar cells that perform the same function in organs. these different types of tissues are: MENC (muscle, epithelial, nervous, and connective.")

function: varies depending on the tissue.

muscle tissue

can contract or shorten.

function: makes part of body move.

nervous tissue

controls the movement of the body.

function: carries out electrical messages back and forth between the brain and other parts of the body.

connective tissue

function: provides support for your body and connects its parts.

example: bone and fat tissue.

epithelial tissue

covers surface of your body inside and out.

function: protects delicate structure that lie beneath it.

example: skin

organ

a structure made of different types of tissue that do specific jobs on organ system’s to keep it functioning.

example: heart pumping blood.

organ system

group of organs that work together carrying out major functions.

skeletal system

structure: bones, ligaments, cartilage, tendons.

functions: protects internal organs, allows movement.

muscular system

structure: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle.

function: with skeletal system produces movement.

circulatory system

structure: heart, blood, blood vessels

function: regulates body temperatures and fights infection.

digestive system

structure: mouth, stomach, liver

function: breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

nervous system

structure: brain, nerves

function: controls body responses to change.

skeleton

your framework made up of bones.

functions: provides shape and support, allows you to move, protects your organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals until needed.

vertebral column

your backbone and center of your skeleton.

26 vertebrae make up your backbone.

joint

place where 2 bones come together. they allow bones to move in different ways.

immovable joints connect bones with little to no movement. (the skull.)

movable joints allow movement in different directions.

bones in these joints are held together by ligaments.

hinge joint

allows forward and backward motion.

knee.

gliding joint

allows one bone to slide over another, to bend and flex.

wrist.

pivot joint

allows one bone to rotate around another bone.

arm to elbow (side to side.)

ball and socket joint

most motion allows you to twist and turn.

hip.

ligaments

ligaments attach bone to bone. ligaments are made of strong connective tissue.

bones

complex living structures which grow, develop, and repair themselves. they are strong and lightweight. made of bone tissue, blood vessels, and nerves.

bone structure

outer membrane covers the bone except the ends.

under membrane is the compact bone.

under compact bone spongy bone is found at the ends of the bone.

red bone marrow fills space in spongy bone.

yellow bone marrow is found in the middle of the bone.

compact bone

thick layer under the membrane. hard, dense, but not solid.

contain minerals to give bones strength.

spongy bone

layer of bone at the ends of bone. found in long bones (femur.)

marrow

soft connective tissue.

2 types.

red bone marrow

fills space in spongy bone and produces most of the blood cells.

yellow bone marrow

found in the middle of the bone and stores fat.

bone strength

packed with minerals-mainly phosphorus and calcium. hard as a rock.

bone growth

bones get longer as you grow, bone tissue continues to form even after full growth.

bone developement

cartilage forms into bone over time.

cartilage

strong connective tissue that is more flexible than bone. protects the ends of the bone. can be found in your ears and the tip of your nose.

osteoporosis

condition where bones become weak and break easily, spaces in bones become larger. occurs due to loss of minerals.

can be prevented by exercising to keep bones strong and having a good diet to provide calcium.

epiphysis

at the ends of bone

epiphyseal line

growth plate found on both ends of the long bone.

diaphysis

shaft of the long bone

in the middle of the epiphysis

periosteum

life support covering bone, outmost layer.

endosteum

tissue that lines the medullary cavity of bone.

involuntary vs voluntary

voluntary is under your conscious

involuntary is not under your conscious

skeletal muscle

striated muscles, provide force to move bones.

allows body to react quickly, but tires quickly too.

voluntary

smooth muscle

inside many internal organs like stomach and blood vessels. work to control certain movement in body, like moving food in digestive system.

not striated.

this muscle reacts and tires slowly.

involuntary.

cardiac muscle

found only in heart. is striated. does not tired at all. it contracts repeatedly in heartbeats.

involuntary

tendon

strong connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone.

hairline fracture

bone doesn’t separate.

closed fracture

bones separate, but stay in place.

open fracture

bone breaks apart, makes it way outside the body.

command fracture

bone is broken with crushed bone pieces.

greenstick

when bone is broken, but not completely unattached.