Glands and Hormones

what embryologic structure does the anterior pituitary arise from?

surface ectoderm (rathke’s pouch)

how is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

hypophyseal portal system

where is the anterior pituitary located?

sella turcica of sphenoid bone

what hormones are secreted by anterior pituitary?

ACTH, FSH, GH, LH, prolactin, TSH and MSH

what embryologic structure does the posterior pituitary arise from?

neuroectoderm

how is the posterior pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

infundibulum

where is the posterior pituitary gland located?

sella turcica

what hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

ADH/vasopressin and oxytocin

what is the target gland of ACTH?

adrenal cortex, zona fasciculata

what is the effect of ACTH?

cortisol secretion

what does excess ACTH cause?

cushing’s disease

what does a deficiency in ACTH cause?

addison’s disease

what is the target gland of FSH?

ovaries and testes

what does FSH do in females?

picks primary follicle and releases estrogen

what does FSH do in males?

spermatogenesis

what does excess FSH cause?

multiple oocytes and sperm

what is true of FSH?

must be actively inhibited by inhibin

where is inhibin made in females?

corpus leuteum

where is inhibin made in males?

sertoli cells

what does a deficiency in FSH cause?

infertility

what does growth hormone effect?

all tissues except cartilage

what is the effect of GH?

development

what does an excess of GH cause?

acromegaly and gigantism

what does a deficiency in GH cause?

dwarfism

what is somatostatin?

GH inhibiting hormone

what is somatomedin?

GH in cartilage

what gland does LH effect?

ovaries and testes

what does LH do in females?

ovulation and forms corpus luteum

what does LH do in males?

releases testosterone

what is the target gland of prolactin?

mammary glands

what is the effect of prolactin?

milk production

what is the target gland of TSH?

thyroid gland

what is the effect of TSH?

T4/T4 secretion

maintain basal metabolic rate

what does excess TSh cause?

graves disease

what does a deficiency of TSH in children cause?

cretinism

what does a deficiency of TSH in adults cause?

myexdema

what is hashimoto’s disease?

autoimmune impact of TSh

what hormone does the pars intermedia produce?

melanocyte stimulating hormone

what is the target gland of MSH?

melanocytes of epidermis

what is the effect of MSH?

development of pigmentation

protect skin from UV rays

what does excess MSH cause?

hyperpigmentation

what does a deficiency of MSH cause?

albinism

what is the target gland of ADH?

collecting duct

what is the effect of ADH?

regulate water balance

what is the target gland of oxytocin?

myometrium of uterus

what is the effect of oxytocin?

milk letdown

uterine contractions

what does the pineal gland produce?

melatonin

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

via releasing factors

how does the hypothalamus communicate with posterior pituitary?

direct axonal connections

what produces parathyroid hormone?

parathyroid glands

what is the effect of parathyroid hormone?

take calcium out of bone and put into blood

decrease phosphorus in blood

increase intestinal calcium

what does excess parathyroid hormone cause?

hyperparathyroidism

what produces calcitonin?

parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

what is the effect of calcitonin?

take calcium out of blood and put into bone

increase phosphorous in bone

what does excess calcitonin cause?

tetany