PRELIMINARY EXAM

Aristotle

Who is regarded as the ‘Father of Virtue Ethics’?

Law and Order

It helps maintain structure and predictability.

John Stuart Mill

This person said that some pleasures (intellectual ones) are more valuable than others (physical ones).

Ethics

It refers to the set of rules or principles that help people decide what is good or bad, right or wrong.

Distributive Justice

It raises questions about who receives what and how wealth and opportunities should be allocated.

Applied Ethics

It seeks to address real-world dilemmas.

Human Rights

It protects individuals’ dignity, equality, and freedom.

Metaethics

It asks if moral truths exist on their own or depend on personal feelings.

Utilitarianism

It indicates that the right action is the one that brings the most happiness or benefit to most people.

Moral Reasoning

It helps us decide the best action based on our values, beliefs, and principles.

Jeremy Bentham

Who is the founder of utilitarianism?

Normative Ethics

It focuses on establishing standards or norms for behavior.

Moral Philosophy

It examines the reasoning and justification behind ethical rules.

Justice

It refers to the principles of fairness and the notion that individuals should be treated equally and with respect.

Rule Consequentialism

It indicates that if following a rule helps society overall, it is considered the right rule.

Consequentialism

Example: “What will result in the greatest happiness?”

Deontology

Example: “Lying is always wrong, even if lying could help someone or prevent harm.”

Ruins trust

Example: “A friend breaks a promise to keep a secret.”

Accountability

Reporting mistakes encourages responsibility, learning, and improved performance.

Rule Consequentialism

Example: “A rule like ‘don’t lie’ might be justified if it creates more trust and happiness in society.”

Encouraging Critical Thinking

Example: “Teacher Emily encourages her students to ask ethical questions in their Ethics class.”

Right to work and fair wages

Example: “Sophie was hired for a job but was not paid fairly.”

Moral Dilemma

Example: “Shaira can’t decide between telling the truth or protecting her friend’s feelings.”

Virtue Ethics

Example: “If a person acts bravely in a difficult situation, they are exhibiting courage.”

Custom

Ethos : Character :: Moralis : ?

Law and Order

Example: “Wearing car seat belts helps reduce injuries and keeps drivers and passengers safe.”

Normative Ethics

Example: “What should I do?”

Right to participate in government

Example: “Carla was denied the right to vote in the elections because of her gender.”

Restorative Justice

Example: “A thief returns stolen goods and participates in community service to compensate for their actions.”

Distributive Justice

Example: “A government may implement progressive taxation to ensure that wealthier individuals contribute more to public services, thus assisting those in need.”