Homologous series

Empirical Formula

The smallest whole number ratio of a compound.

Molecular Formula

The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound.

General Formula

Alkanes = CnH2n+2, Alkenes = CnH2n, Alcohols = CnH2n+1OH.

Structural Formula

Shows all the carbon bonds in a compound but nothing else.

Displayed Formula

Shows all atoms and all bonds in a compound.

Homologous Series

A family of hydrocarbons that have the same general formula but different chemical properties.

Functional Group

The substituent molecule like -OH or -COOH that causes a compound's unique characteristics.

Isomerism

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms.

Alkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons with the suffix -ane; they have all carbon atoms with 4 bonds, containing only hydrogen and carbon.

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons with at least one C=C bond; they can turn Bromine water colourless from orange.

Alcohols

Compounds with the suffix -OL, like Butanol and Propanol; dehydration can produce alkenes and water.

Addition Polymerisation

The process of joining multiple monomers to form long-chain polymers.

Poly(ethene)

A flexible and cheap polymer that is a good electrical insulator, used for carrier bags and plastic bottles.

Poly(propene)

A flexible, strong, tough, and mouldable polymer, used for ropes and plastic boxes.

Carboxylic Acids

Organic acids characterized by the functional group -COOH, formed by oxidizing alcohols.

Esters

Compounds made by esterification from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, often used in perfumes and flavorings.

Dehydration of Alcohols

A process requiring heat and an acid catalyst (Phosphoric acid) to convert alcohols to alkenes.

Fermentation

A process requiring yeast to convert glucose into alcohols, typically at about 30 degrees Celsius.