Ch7 Cardiology/Cardiovascular System

Cardiology

study of the cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system consists of…

the heart and the blood vessels

What are the three types of vessels?

arteries, capillaries, and veins

angi/o

vessel

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

arteriol/o

arteriole

ather/o

fatty substance, plaque

cardi/o

heart

coron/o

heart

embol/o

embolus, plug

isch/o

to hold back

phleb/o

vein

sphygm/o

pulse

steth/o

chest

thromb/o

clot

valv/o

valve

valvul/o

valve

varic/o

dilated vein

vas/o

blood vessel

vascul/o

blood vessel

ven/o

vein

ventricul/o

ventricle

venul/o

venule

Arteries carry blood ___ from the heart and ___ a capillary bed.

away; toward

The arterial wall contains a ___ layer of smooth muscle.

thick

lumen

channel inside the vessel that carries the blood

Most arteries carry ___ blood. Arteries from the heart to the lungs carry ___ blood.

oxygenated; deoxygenated

Capillaries connect ___ to ___.

arteries; veins

capillary bed

a group of capillaries; where blood exchanges oxygen and nutrients for wastes

Veins carry blood ___ the heart from the capillary bed.

toward

Vein walls have a ___ layer of smooth muscle.

thin

venous valves

prevent backflow and pooling of blood

Most veins carry ___ blood. Veins from the lungs to the heart carry ___ blood.

deoxygenated; oxygenated

myocardium

cardiac muscle of the heart that contracts to push blood through vessels

endocardium

thin layer of smooth lining around the heart to reduce friction

septum

divides the heart into right and left sides

The heart is divided into upper and lower chambers called the ___ and ___.

atria; ventricles

The heart has four ___ to control the flow of blood in the heart between the chambers and arteries.

valves

angiogram

record of a vessel

angioma

vessel tumor

angiospasm

involuntary muscle spasm in a vessel

aortic

pertaining to the aorta

aortoplasty

surgical repair of the aorta

arteriorrhexis

ruptured artery

arterial

pertaining to an artery

arteriole

small artery

arteriolar

pertaining to an arteriole

atherosclerosis

hardening of plaque

atherectomy

surgical removal of plaque

interatrial

pertaining to between the atria

atrioventricular

pertaining to the atrium and ventricle

pericardial

pertaining to around the heart

cardodynia

heart pain

coronary

pertaining to the heart

embolism

state of (having) an embolus

ischemia

condition of blood being held back

phlebogram

record of a vein

phlebography

process of recording a vein

arteriosclerosis

hardening of an artery

stethoscope

instrument for viewing (listening to) the chest

thrombiotic

pertaining to a clot

thrombophlebitis

inflammation of a vein with clots

thrombolysis

to destroy a clot

valvule

small valve

valvulitis

inflammation of a valve

varicose

pertaining to varicosity/dilated vein

vasospasm

involuntary muscle

cardiovascular

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

intravenous

pertaining to within a vein

interventricular

pertaining to between the ventricles

venular

pertaining to a venule

premature beats

occurs most often in elderly due to stress or caffeine

papitation

brief but unpleasant sensations of rapid/irregular heartbeat

arrhythmia

irregular heartbeat

tachycardia

abnormally fast heart rate greater than 100 bpm

bradycardia

abnormally slow heart rate below 60 bpm

premature atrial contraction (PAC)

arrhythmia where the atria contract earlier than they should

flutter

arrhythmia where the atria beat too rapidly in a regular pattern

atrial fibrillation (A-fib)

quivering of the two atria leading to improper contraction to pump blood; causes blood pooling in the atria

ventricular tachycardia (V-tach)

rapid heartbeat in the ventricles

premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

type of ventricular arrhythmia; results from an extra impulse from a ventricle

ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)

type of ventricular arrhythmia; when ventricles lose control, causing quivering instead of proper pumping

heart block

interference in cardiac electrical conduction prevents atrial contraction from coordinated with ventricular contraction

cardiac arrest

sudden cessation of cardiac activity from anoxia (lack of oxygen), shown as asystole (no heartbeat)

heart valve stenosis

malfunction where the cusps of heart valves are too stiff and unable to open fully for blood flow

incompetence/insufficiency

malfunction where the heart valve can’t close fully, allowing blood to leak or regurgitate (flow back)

mitral stenosis (MS)

LV becomes dilated after rheumatic fever

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

valve cusps bulge back into the LA when the LV contracts

aortic valve stenosis

valves become calcified due to athrosclerosis, causing low systemic circulation and fainting; common in elderly

aortic regurgitation

murmur in the flow of blood due to improper aortic valve closing

endocarditis

inflammation of the endocardium (inner lining) of the heart caused by bacteria

myocarditis

inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle)

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium (outer lining) of the heart; can lead to cardiac tamponade

cardiomyopathies

weakening of the heart muscle leading to inadequate pumping, an enlarged heart, and heart failure

cardiac tamponade

pathologic compression of the heart due to fluid filled pericardium cavity

atheroma

plaque/fatty deposits in the lining of an artery

thrombus

blood clot forming within blood vessels that may partially or completely occlude the blood vessel

embolus

obstruction of blood vessels by blood clots that break off and travel until they get stuck in a narrow vessel and plug it up

atherosclerosis

hardening of the arteries due to atheroma