WH Turn of the century

Mass production

The large-scale production of standardized products, especially in the manufacturing industry, pioneered by Henry Ford to create affordable automobiles.

Assembly line

A manufacturing process introduced by Henry Ford that uses conveyor belts and workers performing specific tasks, allowing for the rapid production of cars and other goods.

Interchangeable parts

A system of creating identical parts that can be easily substituted for one another in machines or products, introduced by Eli Whitney.

Pasteurization

The process of heating liquids to kill harmful bacteria, developed by Louis Pasteur, improving public health and food safety.

Übermensch

Philosophical idea by Friedrich Nietzsche referring to an individual who transcends conventional morality.

Untermensch

Philosophical term by Friedrich Nietzsche for those deemed inferior, often used in racist ideologies.

Henry Ford

Founder of Ford Motor Company, key figure in introducing the assembly line and mass production.

Orville & Wilbur Wright

American inventors who built the first successful powered airplane in 1903, revolutionizing aviation.

Joseph Lister

British surgeon who pioneered antiseptic surgery, reducing infection rates and improving surgical outcomes.

Louis Pasteur

French scientist known for developing pasteurization and creating vaccines for rabies and anthrax.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Special Creation Theory

The belief that life was created by a divine force.

Gregor Mendel

Father of modern genetics whose studies on pea plants established the fundamental laws of inheritance.

John Dalton

British scientist who developed the atomic theory and the concept of the atom.

Dmitri Mendeleev

Russian chemist who created the periodic table of elements, organizing them by atomic mass.

Marie and Pierre Curie

Scientists who conducted pioneering research in radioactivity and discovered radium and polonium.

Herbert Spencer

British philosopher who applied the theory of evolution to sociology, coining 'survival of the fittest'.

Suffrage

The right to vote, particularly referring to the struggle for women's voting rights in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The Cult of Domesticity

A 19th-century ideal focusing on women’s primary role in the home, emphasizing virtues like piety and domesticity.

Petition drive

A campaign for social change through collecting signatures to demand action, commonly used for women’s suffrage.

Hunger strike

A form of protest where individuals refuse to eat, famously used by suffragettes to demand voting rights.

Lucretia Mott and Susan B. Anthony

Early American women's rights leaders advocating for women’s suffrage and social reforms.

The International Council for Women (ICW)

A global organization founded in 1888 to promote women's rights across nations.

Emmeline Pankhurst

Leader of the British suffragette movement and founder of the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU).

Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU)

A militant suffragette organization founded by Emmeline Pankhurst and known for protests and hunger strikes.

Kaiser

The title of the emperors of Germany, notably Wilhelm II, during the buildup to World War I.

Bundesrat

The upper house of the German Parliament representing the states of Germany.

Chancellor

The head of government in Germany; Otto von Bismarck was a prominent Chancellor.

Reichstag

The German Parliament's lower house, key in the legislative process during the early 20th century.

Social insurance program

A series of government programs introduced by Otto von Bismarck to provide health, accident, and pension insurance.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor credited with uniting Germany in 1871 and creating social reforms like insurance programs.

La Belle Époque

A period in Europe known for cultural flourishing and economic prosperity from the late 19th century to WWI.

William II

Kaiser of Germany from 1888 to 1918, whose policies contributed to word tensions.

Anarchist

A person who advocates for the abolition of all forms of government.

David Lloyd George

British Prime Minister during WWI, instrumental in wartime policy and post-war negotiations.

Pogrom

Violent attacks against Jewish communities, particularly in Eastern Europe.

People’s Budget

A 1909 proposal to introduce taxes on the wealthy to fund social programs in Britain.

Sick Man of Europe

A term describing the declining Ottoman Empire, seen as weak and vulnerable.