Andrew Jackson's Presidency

What was Eli Whitney's best invention?

Interchangeable parts

What was the significance of interchangeable parts?

It perfected the concept of standardized, mass-produced parts that could be easily swapped between items (like guns)

What was Eli Whitney's second major invention?

The cotton gin

How did the cotton gin change cotton production?

It drastically improved the process of separating seeds from cotton, increasing production from one pound per day to 50 pounds per day

Who is credited with bringing the Industrial Revolution to America?

Samuel Slater

How did Samuel Slater bring the Industrial Revolution to America?

He memorized the entire design and mechanism of the English milling system (using his photographic memory) and built the first successful mill in Rhode Island

Where did manufacturing boom due to Samuel Slater's work?

The Northern part of the country

Where was Andrew Jackson born?

Tennessee (in 1767)

What major conflict did Jackson join at age 13 as a messenger?

The Revolutionary War

Why did Jackson have a scar on his face for life?

A British officer struck him with a saber after Jackson refused to polish his boots

What family friends took in the orphaned Jackson?

The Donaldsons (near Nashville)

What controversy plagued Jackson's marriage to Rachel Donaldson Robards?

They married in 1791 before Rachel's divorce from her first husband was officially finalized

What was Jackson's plantation home outside Nashville called?

The Hermitage

What reputation did Jackson gain for settling differences?

Dueling

Who did Jackson kill in a famous duel after being shot first?

Charles Dickinson

What Native American conflict did Jackson initiate en route to New Orleans?

The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (against the Creek Indians)

What unusual action did Jackson take after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend?

He adopted a 14-year-old Native American boy whom he and Rachel raised as a son

What was the political context of the Election of 1824?

The Federalist Party was defunct, leaving only the Democratic-Republican Party

Why did the Election of 1824 have to be decided by the House of Representatives?

No candidate received the required majority of electoral votes

Which candidate won the popular vote and the most electoral votes, but did not win the required majority?

Andrew Jackson

Which candidates were considered by the House of Representatives?

Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Crawford (before he died)

Who was the Speaker of the House who influenced the vote?

Henry Clay

Who did the House of Representatives choose as the sixth U.S. President?

John Quincy Adams

What deal was made between Adams and Clay that led to the accusation of a "Corrupt Bargain"?

Adams appointed Clay as his Secretary of State (the most powerful cabinet position)

What made the Election of 1828 historically significant?

It was the first in U.S. history with widespread dirty campaigning and slander

What was the most damaging accusation Adams's campaign made against Jackson?

That Jackson was an adulterer (due to the Rachel scandal)

What two accusations did Jackson's campaign make against Adams?

Wearing silk underwear, and using government funds to hire a prostitute for the Czar of Russia

What was the result of the Election of 1828?

Andrew Jackson won by a landslide

What happened to Rachel Jackson during the campaign period?

She died due to the stress and whispering about her marriage

What system did Jackson implement as president, rewarding supporters with government jobs regardless of qualifications?

The Spoils System

What was the goal of Jackson's policy that angered the Southern states?

To pay off the national debt by increasing tariffs (taxes) on imported goods

What did Jackson state in his Jefferson Day Dinner toast?

"Our Union, it must and shall be preserved."

What was Vice President John C. Calhoun's counter-response at the dinner?

"The Union, next to our liberty, the most dear."

What did Senator Daniel Webster state, affirming the Northern position?

"Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable."

What document did John C. Calhoun write arguing a state could declare a federal law null and void?

The "South Carolina Exposition"

What was the final result of the Tariff Crisis?

South Carolina declared the tariff law nullified

Who stepped in to resolve the crisis by passing a compromise for a gradual tariff reduction?

Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser)

What was the name of the compromise that temporarily averted conflict in 1833?

The Compromise of 1833

Why did the Second Bank of the United States need action from Congress and the President?

Its charter needed to be rechartered every 20 years

How did Jackson destroy the National Bank in 1832?

He vetoed the bill to recharter the bank

What was Jackson's quote about the bank?

"The bank is trying to kill me, but I will kill it."

What did Jackson do with all the federal money after destroying the National Bank?

He removed it and distributed it to various state banks

What did Jackson's critics call the state banks where he distributed federal funds?

His "pet banks"

What was Jackson's policy regarding Native American tribes in the Southern states?

To remove them to land west of the Mississippi River

What act gave Jackson the authority to use any means necessary to remove Native American tribes?

Indian Removal Act (1830)

What was the ruling in Cherokee Nation v. U.S. (1831)?

Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the Cherokees, stating they lacked standing to sue (as they were neither a "nation" nor a "state")

What was the ruling in Worcester v. Georgia (1832)?

John Marshall reversed course, ruling in favor of the Cherokees, stating they were entitled to live on their lands

How did Jackson respond to the Supreme Court's ruling in Worcester v. Georgia?

He ignored it, famously stating

Who led the military to forcibly round up the Creeks and Cherokees?

General Winfield Scott

What was the forced march of 15,000 Native Americans from the Southeast to Oklahoma called?

Trail of Tears

What caused Jackson's entire first cabinet to resign?

The Eaton Affair, a social scandal where cabinet wives ostracized Secretary of War John Eaton's wife, Peggy

What did Jackson replace his resigned cabinet with?

His "Kitchen Cabinet" (informal advisors)

What is the name of the modern political party Jackson solidified?

The Democratic Party (by dropping the word "Republican")

Who founded the opposition party, the Whig Party?

Henry Clay

Why did the opposition name themselves the Whig Party?

They adopted the name of the British party that opposed King George III, calling Jackson "King Andrew"

Who was Jackson's Vice President during his second term?

Martin Van Buren (New York)

What did Jackson's close friend, Sam Houston, say about him on his deathbed?

"My son, that man, Andrew Jackson, was a natural born gentleman."