HIS 108 Midterm 1

University of Kentucky, Summers

Mourning war (1650s)

Raids to avenge warriors killed in battle, kidnap someone to bring them into their tribe

Middle Passage

Part of triangle trade between West Africa and West Indies

Navigation Acts (1651)

Required all trade between England and colonies to be carried on English/colonial vessels

Salutary Neglect

Informal act by England allowing colonists freedom

Tea Act (1773)

Gave East India Company an unfair business advantage over colonial merchants

Boston Massacre (1770)

Resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in the city, troops fired on mob and killed several people

Battle of Monmouth (1778)

Where Washington attacked the British, battle ended in draw but proved Washington could contend with British at full strength

Battle of Trenton (1776)

Hessian army was crushed in Washington's raid across Delaware River, Americans invigorated by easy defeat

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Fundamental document, declared 13 colonies independent from Britain, listed grievances and laid out why revolution was fought

French and Indian War (1754-63)

War fought in colonies between England and France for possession of Ohio Valley with help of natives on both sides, England won

Captain John Smith (1580-1631)

Leader and soldier, appointed to resident council to manage Jamestown

Molasses Act (1733)

British legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which colonies imported from countries other than Britain and colonies

Stamp Act (1765)

Tax on almost all printed materials in colonies

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Colonial response to tea act, colonists dress as Mohawk Indians and boarded British ships to dump tea into Boston Harbor

George Washington (1732-1799)

1st president of US, commander-in-chief of Continental Army during Revolution

Baron von Steuben (1730-1794)

Stern, Prussian drill master that taught American soldiers how to successfully fight the British

Lexington, Concord (1775)

First battle of the Revolution

Articles of Confederation (1781)

First US constitution, loose rules with weak capital

Seasoning

Indentured servants adjusting to new life, disease kills most on arrival to America

Indentured servants

Immigrants whose passage was paid for in exchange for 7-years of labor

Mercantilism

Economic policy, nations seek to increase wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of money and increasing exports/decreasing imports (ex. Navigation Acts)

Townshend Acts (1767)

Tax on tea, glass, and paper

Committees of Correspondence (1772)

Colonial network of passing information through colonies

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Ending with surrender of British General John Burgoyne, victory ensured diplomatic success of American representatives in Paris

Valley Forge (1777-1778)

Encampment, Washington's poorly equipped army spent freezing winter, hundreds died and 1000+ deserted

Minutemen (1775)

Member of militia during revolution who could be ready to fight in 60 seconds

Manumission Laws

Right of states to allow slave owners to release their slaves if they want

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Armed rebellion in Virginia against Governor Berkeley who had support of British army

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

Created first political cartoons, represented shift from English to American

Headrights

Legal grant of land to settlers

William Penn (1644-1718)

Quaker, founded Pennsylvania colony to establish place for people to live free from religious persecution

Virginia Company (1600s)

Joint-stock company in London that received charter for land in new world

Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512)

Florentine navigator that discovered coast of modern-day Venezuela, coined term “new world” in his book with the same name

Roanoke colony (1584)

First attempted colony in Americas, failed

Yorktown (1781)

Town in which Revolution ended

Samuel Sewall (1652-1730)

Prominent businessman and judge in Boston during social/political upheaval in colony, best known for making dramatic public apology for role as judge in Salem witch trials

King Philip's War (1675)

War started when Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over natives, colonists win

Privateers

Private ships hired by a country's government to legally attack enemies (ex. William Kidd)

Letters of Marque

Licenses given to privateers authorizing them to attack other ships

Jeremiads

New form of sermon in Puritan churches, preacher scolds parishioners for waning devotion

Poor Fred (1707-1751)

Hated by everyone, father of George III, died by cricket ball to head

Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)

One of best doctors in colonies, Quaker, went to Princeton, brilliant but also crazy ideas, denounced slavery, signed declaration, spokesman of public education (even for girls), tried to do away with war except for self-defense

John Elliot (1604-1690)

Translated Bible into native dialect

Bunker Hill (1775)

Colonial army took hold of fort and British attacked. After 3 attacks, British took area back because colonist army ran out of ammo. Though colonies lost, they proved they could stand up to British army

Quitrents

Nominal taxes collected by crown/proprietors in colonies

Puritanism

Religion based on purity, came to new world to establish 'purer' church

John Rolfe (1585-1622)

English settler at Jamestown, married Pocahontas, discovered how to successfully grow and export tobacco in Virginia

Northwest Passage

Water route from Atlantic to Pacific through northern Canada along Alaskan coast

Great Awakening (1739-1744)

Sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through colonies, one of first events to unify colonies

Benjamin Lay (1682-1759)

Quaker, believed slavery was wrong, tried to stop it in North American Quaker communities

The Selling of Joseph (1700)

Published by Samuel Sewall, first antislavery story printed in America

Cursed be Canaan

Justify slavery as 'what the bible says'

Triangular trade (1500s-1800s)

System in which goods and slaves were traded through Americas, Britain, and Africa

Intolerable Acts (1774)

Series of laws after Boston Tea Party intending to punish colonists for defiance

Continental Congress (1774)

Meeting of colony representatives

Separatism

Breaking away from Puritanism

Lancaster treaty (1744)

Treaty between Iroquois and Maryland/Virginia colonies

New Amsterdam (1625)

Dutch colony, present day NYC

William Kidd (1654-1701)

English pirate, died for piracy

Visible saints

Calvanism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives

Giovanni di Verrazano (1485-1528)

Italian captain for France, searched for Northwest Passage in 1524

Sir Humfry Gilbert (-1583)

Claimed Newfoundland for Queen Elizabeth,created first colony, got lost at sea on the way home

George Whitefield (1714-1770)

English preacher, rousing sermons throughout American colonies drew vast audiences, sparked Great Awakening

Jonathan Woolman (1720-1772)

Concerned about animal rights and sanctity of all of God's creations long before even slavery was on radar of American religious thought

Proclamation of 1763

From British government, forbade colonists from settling west of Appalachian mountains

Partible inheritance (1600s-1700s)

Dividing property among all sons equally

Cotton Mather (1663-1728)

Inoculation for smallpox

Black legend

Concept that Spanish conquerors tortured and murdered native americans, stole gold, infected them with smallpox, leave no benefit

George III (1738-1820)

English king, cared about colonies, ended Salutary Neglect

Peace of Paris (1763)

Ended French and Indian War

Congregationalism (1600s)

Church system set up by Massachusetts Bay Colony Puritans where each church served as center of own community, separatist

Peace Acts

Stripped ability for a colony’s governor to get their position by giving handouts