CPSY 4331 Test Unit 2 Textbook Review

Primary prevention policies are designed to:

alter environmental conditions and prevent problems before they develop

Which of the following is an example of a family system?

Child-sibling interaction

Spending one night a week together as a family

Having a chore chart

The effects of divorce on boys and girls can be best described as follows:

boys and girls are equally affected by divorce but perhaps in different ways

The most difficult time for families experiencing a divorce is:

the first year after the divorce

Protective factors to reduce the effects of poverty on children include:

having high quality childcare

A child-rearing style that is harsh, unresponsive, and rigid and relies on power-assertive methods of control is called:

authoritarian parenting

A child-rearing style in which parents are warm, responsive, and involved, set reasonable limits, and expect appropriately mature behavior from children is labeled:

authoritative parenting

Uninvolved or disengaged parents:

Focus on their own needs instead of the needs of their child

do whatever is necessary to minimize the costs of having a child

 See improvements in their child’s behavior and social skills if they increase their involvement

The changes precipitated by the birth of sibling:

are largely determined by the parents

Children who are impulsive and aggressive in preschool and uncontrolled, noncompliant, and aggressive in adolescence have parents who are generally:

permissive

Parents who used new reproductive technologies like ICSI or IVF:

are more protective

Who is more important—siblings or friends?

when relationships with both siblings and friends are poor, children tend to have behavior problems

When parents and their children live together in one residence, this arrangement is described as:

a nuclear family

Older siblings can act as:

gatekeepers

Positive role models

deviant role models

Children in single-mother families:

may be less securely attached to their mothers than children in two-parent families

Interventions implemented to help parents improve their relationship and thereby help their children:

highlight the capacity of interventions to make long-term changes in families with marital conflict

Research showing that if parents resolve their conflicts, children are less likely to have problems because they expect that they, too, will be able to resolve conflicts supports the following theory:

cognitive developmental theory

A secondary prevention effort is aimed at:

providing remedies for problems after they appear or for children who are at risk of developing problems

According to researchers, what components define high quality childcare?

having teachers with a high level of training

Compared with younger siblings, older siblings show more:

scaffolding

nurturing behavior

antagonistic behavior

The following features are included in how researchers define high quality childcare:

low child-adult ratio

Divorce does not seem to affect children if:

none of these: it always does

A child-rearing style that is lax and inconsistent and encourages children to express their impulses freely is labeled:

premissive

The strategies used in the Promoting Safe and Stable Families Program would generally include:

home visiting to teach about developmental milestones

The existing research on the relation between maternal employment and child adjustment suggests that:

the association between maternal employment and child adjustment depends on individual differences among mothers and children

Which of the following is true?

older siblings can serve as social support when younger siblings lack friends

Which of the following is true regarding parents treating their children differently?

most children see their parents’ differential treatment of children as reasonable

Compared with younger mothers, older mothers:

enjoy being a parent more

Divorce is more likely when:

spouses have poor communication skills or mental health problems

Parents in poverty are more likely to experience which of the following:

lack of resources

limited power

psychological distress

Families

are children’s earliest and most sustained source of social support

Children who are energetic and friendly in preschool and competent, prosocial, and accepted by their peers in adolescence have parents who are generally:

authoritative

If parents exert too little control:

children may develop externalizing behavior problems

When parents are in conflict and express hostility, belligerence, and contempt:

they are likely to inflict problems on their children

Children who spend more time in childcare—more hours, more months, more years—compared with those who spend less time in childcare:

experience more stress

The quality of the couple system can:

indirectly facilitate or hamper the quality of parenting

directly facilitate the quality of parenting

directly hamper the quality of parenting

Mothers who tell stories about their childhood emphasizing themes of achievement or rejection by family members:

are more intrusive and directive

Which of the following is NOT true about the different ways in which divorce affects boys and girls:

girls and boys react similarly to divorce, and differ mainly in their willingness to disclose distress

Interaction in which young children share goals and work together to achieve them is labeled:

Cooperative play

Youngsters who are often socially isolated and, although they are not disliked, have few friends are labeled socimetrically:

Neglected

When coaching their children during a game with peers, mothers of children with low peer status often

disrupt the child’s play

Avoid supervising the group

Take control of the game

Which of the following is not a way in which parents help children develop better peer relationships?

parents are replacements

Children are more likely to imitate peers who are:

higher status

The tendency to interpret peers’ behavior on the basis of past encounters and feelings is called:

Reputational bias

Parents indirectly contribute to children’s peer relationships through:

their warmth and acceptance

their negative and controlling behavior

the quality of attachment with the child

An ordering of individuals in a group from most to least dominant is referred to as a/an:

Dominance hierarchy

Children who end up in gangs in adolescence or adulthood are more likely to:

Live in communities surrounded by drugs and crime

have neglectful parents

come from dysfunctional families

At what age are interactions with peers characterized by touching and looking at peers and responding to peers’ crying?

0-6 months

Gender differences in friendship behaviors include:

in girls’ friendships there is more conversation about personal problems and negative feelings

A collection of people whom others have stereotyped on the basis of their perceived shared attitudes or activities is called a:

crowd

Interaction in which young children share toys, materials, and sometimes conversation but are not engaged in a joint project is termed:

Associative play

Pretend play

permits children to experience the roles and feelings of others

The importance of cultural contexts in peer behaviors is exemplified by the finding that:

for younger children, U.S. children reject peers who are shy and sensitive, whereas Chinese children accept them

Which of the following is NOT accurate regarding parents’ contribution to children’s social understanding:

only mothers make a clear contribution to their children’s social understanding

A procedure for determining a child’s status within his or her peer group in which each child in the group either nominates others whom she or he likes best and least or rates each child in the group for desirability as a companion is termed:

Sociometric technique

Specific social skills that children learn through interactions with their parents include:

making accurate judgments about peoples’ intentions and behaviors

A strength of the step-by-step social information processing approach is the following:

the model accounts for behavior in new or ambiguous situations

At what age are interactions with peers characterized by a stable preference for same-gender playmates and a main friendship goal of coordinated and successful play?

2-3 years old

A peer group formed on the basis of friendship is called a:

clique

The term used to describe children of roughly the same age is:

peers

The tendency of individuals to associate and bond with others who are similar to them is described as:

homophily

If you hoped to establish good relations with a new peer group, the wisest strategy might be:

to observe the new group, understand its activities, and slowly work your way into the group

A group of adolescents or adults who form an allegiance for a common, antisocial purpose is:

gang

Youngsters who are pretty well liked by their peers are labeled sociometrically:

average

The term used to describe peers actively reinforcing each others’ behavior through rewards and punishments is:

peer pressure

Pretend play

 

permits children to experience the roles and feelings of others

Interventions in which children are assigned to either a learning goal condition or a performance goal condition suggest that:

the children given the learning goal are more persistent and successful because of higher social self-efficacy

If you hoped to establish good relations with a new peer group, the wisest strategy might be:

to observe the new group, understand its activities, and slowly work your way into the group

Compared with relationships with adults, relationships with peers are:

more equal

Interventions designed to help children who are lonely have focused on communication with peers including:

asking questions in a positive tone

Children are thought to transfer the strategies they acquire in the family to their interactions with peers via:

working models

scripts or cognitive maps

internal mental representations

Studies of rejection and loneliness suggest that:

 

rejected children who have at least one friend are less lonely than those who are totally friendless

African American students from integrated (as opposed to segregated) schools are:

more likely to have European American friends

Larger school size is assoicated with:

less extracurricular participation

Positive or negative expectations that affect a person’s behavior so that he or she unknowingly creates situations in which those expectations are fulfilled is best described as:

self-fulfilling prophecy

A relatively unstructured organization in which different areas of the classroom are devoted to particular activities and children work either alone or in small groups under the teacher’s supervision is termed:

open classroom

Parents’ involvement in their child’s education is more effective when:

their involvement allows parents to show their children that they value education

their involvement includes participation in decidison-making

their involvement allows parents to communicate their expectations to teachers

Desegregation resulting from the court case Brown v. Board of Education:

resulted in consistent improvements in interracial attitudes

An intervention to reduce the mismatch between home culture and school expectations in a Hawaiian sample—the Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP)—focused on:

small-group classroom organization

A teaching technique in which small groups of students work together is:

cooperative learning

The effectiveness of natural mentors depends on:

frequency of contact

Working parents who cannot be with their children in the hours after school:

often use after school programs as an alternative to self-care

Which of the following is true regarding racial integration in schools:

in many urban areas there are not enough european american children to integrate the schools

The transition to high school is a challenge for students in part because of exposure to:

a more impersonal social climiate

Possible reasons for the social success of homeschooled children include:

parents of homeschooled children tend to be more motivated to promote their children’s social success

Homeschooled children are likely to have siblings

homeschooled children are often involved in other social groups

Which of the following proposed reforms to secondary schools would NOT ease the transition from elementary school?

combining smaller schools into larger learning communities

Which of the following is accurate regarding the interaction between cultural background and Latino parents’ approach to education:

immigrant latino parents are more likely to endorse collectivist classroom strategies and behaviors, as opposed to the individualistic behaviors endorsed by the teachers

Latino parents feel uncomfortable when a child’s individual achievement is praised during parent-teacher conferences because of the accompanying focus on the individual instead of the group

Latino parents (especially immigrants) are generally less directly involved in their children’s education than european american parents

A key feature of center based child care is:

the program offers children educational opportunities

Developmental outcomes for children in low quality day care depend MOST importantly on:

the sensitivity of caregiving provided at home.

Research on the influence of daycare on children’s stress levels (measured via cortisol levels) throughout the day suggests that:

children’s stress levels rise significantly more during the day in daycare than at home, especially in low quality settings.

The U.S. is notable for which of the following child care policies:

there is no federal government policy aimed at helping families gain access to high quality child care.

A weakness of the step-by-step social information processing approach is the following:

children sometimes make social decisions without conscious awareness

During the first 6 months of life babies look at each other and are responsive to each other’s behaviors. These behaviors are not truly social because:

there is no recognition of the peer as a social partner

Compared with girls’ play, boys’ play:

is less intimate and less structured

Which of the following is accurate regarding peer rejection of abused children?

abused children have difficulty especially if the abuse occurred during the preschool years

A procedure for determining a child’s status within his or her peer group in which each child in the group either nominates others whom she or he likes best and least or rates each child in the group for desirability as a companion is termed:

sociometric technique (delete this one)

Children who end up in gangs in adolescence or adulthood are more likely to:

come from dysfunctional families

live in communities surrounded by drugs and crime

have neglectful parents

When coaching their children, mothers of children with high peer status:

suggest positive social strategies

Youngsters who are disliked by many peers and liked by few are labeled sociometrically:

rejected

in girls’ friendships there is more conversation about personal problems and negative feelings

in girls friendships there is more conversation about personal problems and negative feelings