Urinalysis Lec 1 & 2 - Quiz 1

What is polyuria?

Increased urine production or output (ex.occurs w untreated diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism)

What is polydipsia?

Increased fluid intake drinking

What is pollakiuria?

frequent urination, typically small amounts

What is dysuria?

Painful or difficult urination

What is stranguria?

Slow, painful urination - often with straining

What is an urolith?

A stone form in the urinary tract

What is anuria?

no urine output or production (ex. Urethral obstruction)

What is nocturia?

Increased urination at night

What is urinary incontinence?

constant dribbling or leaking of urine

What is hematuria?

Presence of blood in the urine, has RBC pellet after centrifugation

What is myoglobinuria?

Presence of myoglobin (muscle protein) in urine - due to severe muscle damage

What is hemoglobinuria?

Presence of hemoglobin in urine - due to RBC destruction (hemolysis) no RBC pellet after centrifugation just all red

What is pyuria?

Presence of pus (WBCs) in the urine - typically indicates infection

What is pyelonephritis?

Inflammation of kidney and renal pelvis - typically due to bacterial infection

What is cystitis?

Inflammation of the bladder - typically due to infection

What is crystalluria?

Presence of crystals in the urine

What is oliguria?

Decreased urine output or production (ex. Shock, dehydration)

What is bilirubinuria?

Presence of bilirubin in the urine - typically associated with liver disease

why is urinalysis important?

Urinalysis is a fundamental part of evaluation of the overall health of the pt, diagnostic information about many diseases. ex. lepto, diabetes, renal diseases, uti

some roles of the urinary system?

-excretion of waste

-regulates blood pressure and volume

-regulates solute concentration in circulation

-regulates extracelluar fluid in PH

-Gluconeogenesis

What causes azotemia?

Elevation of BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine

What is BUN?

(Blood Urea Nitrogen) Accumulation of nitrogen in the blood and urine

What primary factor affects turbidity?

Increases with bacterial proliferation

What factors can affect pH?

Depends on diet, time of collection (especially post meal), and acid-base status of patient

What are casts?

Tiny cylindrical-shaped particle - indicates potential kidney disease

What are ketones?

Acids your body will make when its using fat instead of glucose for energy

What are the six main methods of urine collection?

-free-flow catch

-bladder expression

-table top/floor

-metabolic cage

-catheterization

-cystocentesis

Free-flow catch

A method of urine collection that involves allowing the animal to urinate freely, with a focus on obtaining a mid-stream catch to avoid contamination.

Manual bladder expression

A technique for emptying the bladder by applying pressure, which is considered unethical in an awake animal and should not be done in blocked animals.

Table top/floor collection

dribbling on the floor not clean should not use

Metabolic cage

A type of cage used for urine collection that raises ethical questions due to discomfort for the animal.

Catheterization

A procedure for urine collection that should only be performed under sterile conditions and in emergencies.

Cystocentesis

A sterile procedure for taking urine directly from the bladder using a needle, should be guided by ultrasound.

What are some risks associated with doing a cystocentesis?

Iatrogenic hemorrhage and vasovagal response

Nosorb litter

A type of litter that allows urine to be syringed out from a divot, facilitating urine collection.

What are some traits required for a urine collection container?

Should be opaque, sterile, dry, non-breakable, and have a tight-fitting lid.

What is a preservative used for bacteriology in urine samples?

Boric acid

What is a preservative that requires 1 drop for every 1oz (30mL) of urine to kill bacteria?

Formalin (40%)

What is a preservative that can preserve urine for 24 hours while killing bacteria?

Thymol

What are two substances used for preserving urine samples for biochemistry analysis?

HCl and Toluene

What are the three main sections of a urinalysis?

Physical evaluation - color, smell, density, opaque, gross factors

chemical evaluation - dip stick

sedimentation evaluation - microscopic examination for cells and crystals.

when should an analysis of urine be done?

within 30 mins - 1 hr of collection

store in fridge at 2-8 celcius for 6-12hrs if unable to process within this time period

Urine Specific Gravity (USG)

measures the ratio of the density of a solution (urine) to the density of an equal volume of distilled water

refractometer

density of urine compared to density of water, 2-3 drops of urine needed.

urinometer

not as accurate, need at least 10ml of urine, must be calibrated for temperature

Transparency

A measure of how clear or cloudy urine is; normal urine is typically clear.

Urine Colour

The color of urine can vary based on hydration levels and the presence of certain substances.

Factors affecting urine production

Includes fluid intake, diet, activity level, and environmental conditions.

Turbidity

the cloudiness of urine, indicating the presence of cells, bacteria, crystals, or other substances

Isosthenuria

the SG of the glomerular filtrate/urine and plasma are the same

Hyposthenuria

Urine with a specific gravity less than that of plasma, indicating dilution. the filtrate/urine is being diluted below SG of plasma by the renal tubules.

Hypersthenuria

Urine with a specific gravity greater than that of plasma, indicating concentration.

physical parameters are?

• colour

• transparency/turbidity

• odour

• volume

• concentration of solutes (USG)

what is the normal color of urine for rabbits?

yellow - while but may turn orange-red-brown depending on diet

normal urine colour for horses?

cloudy, urine is yellow but often turns brown upon oxidation and naturally have calcium carbonate crystals

causes of turbid urine are?

cells

cellular debris

crystals

bacteria

casts

mucus

sperm

lipids

feces

normal values for urine volume for animals?

Dog: 20-100ml/kg/day

Cat: 10-20ml/kg/day

Horse: 3-18ml/kg/day

Cow: 17-45ml/kg/day

Goat: 10-40ml/kg/day

Pig: 5-30ml/kg/day

Sheep: 10-40ml/kg/day

what to do if the SG is off the internal scale?

read SG again and multiply last 2 digits of value by 2

1.043 (43 × 2) = 86 (1.086 USG)

“sthen”

means strength

Hypersthenuria specific gravity

Dogs: > 1.030 SG

Cats: > 1.035

Horses: > 1.020

range of minimal concentration

Dogs: > 1.012 - < 1.030

Cats: > 1.012 - < 1.035

Horses: > 1.012 - < 1.020

isosthenuria

1.008 - 1.012 in dogs and cats

• urine has not been conc or diluted

• specific gravity is similar to that of plasma

Hyposthenuria

_{<1.008 in dogs and cats}