NEU101 ASU Final Quizlet

These fluid filled chambers in the brain were suggestive to ancient peoples that the brain functioned primarily as some kind of fluid pump.

Ventricles

The ____________is the main, front part of the brain while the ___________ is the smaller part of the brain in the back.

cerebrum, cerebellum

Grey matter is made primarily of the __________ of neutrons while the white matter is made primarily from the _________ of neurons.

cell bodies, axons

which of the following terms refer to collections of axons ( or white matter ) ?

Tract, bundle, commissure

T/F Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is an imaging technique that uses MRI.

True

T/F Computer Tomography scans (CT Scans ) do not require exposure to radiation.

False

T/F Position emission Tomography (PET) scans allow observation of patterns of current brain activity, not just anatomy.

True

Sagittal

This image depicts what kind of brain section?

Coronal

This image depicts what kind of brain section?

your eyes are _______ to your ears, but _______ to your nose

medial, lateral

Your right eye and right ear are:

ipsilateral

which of the following layers of the meninges is closest to your skull? (farthest from the brain itself)

anterior/rostral

which of the following atomical structures are part of the central nervous system (CNS)

brain, spinal cord

Latin for "little brain"

cerebellum

the biggest part of the brain

cerebrum

controls vital functions like breathing and consciousness:

brain stem

the right half of this structure connects to the right side of the body:

cerebellum

is divided in half by the sagittal fissure

cerebral hemispheres

Spinal nerves carry _________ information from the body to the brain through the ________ of the spinal cord and carry _______ information from the brain to the body through the __________

afferent, dorsal root

efferent, ventral root

T/F the autonomic nervous system ( ANS) is the same thing as the visceral PNS ( peripheral nervous system)

false

Feeling and control of your skin and arm/leg muscles is handled by your __________ which feeling and control of the muscles in your heart and intestines is handled by your ___________.

somatic pns, visceral pns

cerbral spinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the:

ventricles

Which of these three layers of the neural plate develop to become the entire nervous system?

ectoderm

Prosensephalon

forebrain

Mesencephalon

midbrain

Rhombencelphalon

hindbrain

which part of the developing brain hold the pre-cursors to eyes?

forebrain

the hindbrain develops into which structures?

pons, medulla, cerebellum

T/F the mesencephalon develops from the mesoderm

false

T/F the olfactory bulb is proportionally larger in rats than humans.

true

T/F the neocortex is found only in humans

true

this structure consists of white matter which connects the two hemispheres.

corpus callosum

hypothalamus:

ANS

Amygdala

fear

thalamus:

sensory

Basal Ganglia

primal

Most parts of the neocortex have this many layers:

6

T/F different parts of the neocortex have distinct cytoarchitecture

true

Nissal stain changes the color of _________ while Golgi stains changes the color of ________

cell bodies, entire neurons

watery potassium-rich fluid inside cells

cytosol

membrane enclosed structures

organelles

responsible for cellular respiration

mitocondria

responsible for protein synthesis

ribosomes

responsible for sorting proteins

golgi apparatus

mitocondria convert_______to______

ADP, ATP

neurons typically only have one _________ but many ________

axon, dendrites

T/F axons can survive alone if they are cut from their cell body

false

_________have relatively short axons that don't extend beyond the general vicinity of the neuron's soma while__________ have long axons that can extend almost all the way across the brain.

Golgi type 2, Golgi type 1

Axons separate from the soma of a cell at the _____ and extend for some length before they end at the ____. Occasionally, axons branch in what is known as an ____

axon hillock, axon terminal, axon collateral

T/F there is no rough endoplasmic reticulum in axons

true

axon terminals contain mitocondria

true

what is the node of Ranvier?

region where the axonal membrane is exposed

which protein provides the "legs" for retrograde transport

dynein

what is the most important function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

site of protein synthesis

what does the mitochondria inhale?

pyruvic acid

Identify the protein that helps anterograde transport move materials from the soma to the terminal.

kinesin

this part of the cytoskeleton is relatively large, runs longitudinally down neurons, and consists of tubulins stuck together like pearls on a string.

microtubules

this part of the cytoskeleton is about the same thickness as the cell membrane and are found throughout the neuron ( but especially in neurites ) and are made of two thin strands of actin.

microfilaments

this part of the cytoskeleton consist of multiple subunits that are wound together into a rope-like structure, making them mechanically very strong.

neurofilaments

long stretches of DNA are missing or duplicated

gene copy number variations

topographical errors where a single protein is abnormal or missing

mutations

small changes in DNA are analogous to misspelling a word

single nucleotide polymorphis

T/F DNA never leaves the nucleus of a cell

true

astrocytes:

regulate chemical content

Oligodendrocytes:

wrap myelin around axons

Microglia

remove debris and dead cells

T/F the protein composition of the membrane of axons is basically the same as that of the membrane of the cell's soma

false

one gene has been deleted:

knockout

genes have been introduced and overexpressed

transgenic

a native gene is replaced with a modified version

knock-in

T/F All ribosomes are attached at rough ER.

false

_______occurs in the nucleus of a cell while _______ occurs in the rough ER

transcription, translation

proteins made of a single chain of amino acids:

polypeptides

connect amino acids into a chain

peptide bonds

a variable set of structures that contributes to the differences in amino acids:

R group

when a chain coils into a spiral configuration

alpha helix

which of the following are cations?

Na+, K+,Ca^2+

what is the advantage of the phospholipid bilayer arrangement?

isolated cytosol from extracellular fluid

what determines the differences between amino acids?

properties of R Groups

identify the term used to represent a change in the membrane potential from the normal resting value to a less negative value

depolarization

Which factor other than the ionic concentration gradient determines the equilibrium potential for an ion?

selective ionic permeability

how does the sodium-potassium pump help maintain the resting membrane potential?

pumps K+ ions in and Na+ ions out

what is the meaning of an ion's equilibrium potential?

electrical potential difference exactly balances an ionic concentration gradient

which of the following factors determines the ion selectivity of specific ion channels?

nature of the R groups lining ion channel

which type of glia cells help to regulate the amount of potassium in extracellular fluid?

astrocytes

T/F ions are approximately the same size as electrons

false

K+

potassium

Na+

sodium

Ca++

calcium

Cl-

chloride

T/F large changes in membrane potential require large changes in ionic concentration?

false

T/F it is possible for ions to interact electrostatically with ions that are on the opposite side of the cell membrane

true

T/F it is possible to calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion if the concentration difference across the membrane is known

true

the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron is about -65mV. What does this mean about the relative charge of the inside and outside of a cell?

the inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside

an action potential starts with the cell at resting potential them the __________ then the ________ then the _________ before it returns again to resting potential

rising phase, overshoot, undershoot

T/F some action potentials are more powerful than others

false

what is an oscilloscope and how is it used to study neural activity?

a sophisticated voltmeter that displays signals in graphical form

How is the patch-clamp method used to understand ion channels?

allows a study of the ionic currents passing through individual ion channels

what is the relationship between action potential conduction velocity and axonal diameter?

action potential conductivity velocity increases with increasing axonal diameter

how long does an action potential last from the beginning of the rising phase to the end of a falling phase?

2 msec