Scientific Revolution, Reformation, Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, World Wars

Flashcards created from lecture notes covering key concepts including the Scientific Revolution, Reformation, Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, and major world wars.

Scientific Revolution

A period in European history during the 16th to 17th century characterized by emerging studies and research about nature.

Heliocentric Theory

Nicolaus Copernicus's view that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the solar system.

Geocentric Theory

The theory by Claudius Ptolemy that the Earth is the center of the universe with heavenly bodies orbiting it.

Galileo Galilei

An inventor of the telescope who discovered mountains on the moon and four moons of Jupiter, referred to as the 'Father of Modern Science, Physics, and Astronomy.'

Calculus

A mathematical foundation established by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for solving problems involving change.

Analytic Geometry

A branch of mathematics developed by René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat combining geometry and algebra.

Physics

The study of matter, its motion, behavior in space and time, and the relationship between energy and force.

Astronomy

The study of planets, stars, space, and the universe.

Biology

The study of life and living organisms.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

The inventor of the microscope, improved its use for studying the physical body, known as the 'Father of Microscopy.'

Reformation

A movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences.

Calvinism

A branch of Protestantism established by John Calvin.

Enlightenment

A period in the late 17th and 18th centuries characterized by philosophical advancements and critiques of traditional doctrines.

Voltaire

A key figure in the Enlightenment known for advocating freedom of speech, religion, and separation of church and state.

Industrial Revolution

A period from 1700 to 1800 where manual production methods were replaced by machinery in Europe and the United States.

Steam Engine

An invention by Thomas Newcomen and James Watt that revolutionized manufacturing and transportation during the Industrial Revolution.

Triple Alliance

A military alliance in World War I consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

Allied Powers

The coalition in World War I and World War II including countries like USA, USSR, and UK.

Axis Powers

The coalition in World War II primarily consisting of Germany, Italy, and Japan.