APUSH Unit 4 Review, AP US History Period 4, AP US History Period 4

War of 1812

War which West and South wanted, but Northeast did not;

between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France

William Henry Harrison

His forces defeated the British at the Battle of the Thames

Fort McHenry

Where the British were stopped on their way to Baltimore

Battle of New Orleans

Largest battle of the war, won by Jackson in January 1815

Treaty of Ghent

was an armistice (a cease-fire) that ended the War of 1812

Hartford Convention

New England's goal at the meeting was to decide what to do about the war

Rush-Bagot agreement

between the U.S. and England limited both sides' naval power on the Great Lakes;

treaty showed that England and the U.S. were getting along

Washington Irving

Wrote Rumpelstiltskin and The Knickerbocker Tale

James Fenimore Cooper

Wrote The Leatherstocking Tales which included The Last of the Mohicans

The American System

an economic plan for the country:

(B.T.T.)

1. Strong banking system.

2. Set up a protective tariff to boost American industry.

3. Build a strong transportation network of roads and canals.

Henry Clay

Speaker of the House, who tiated the American System

Panic of 1819

cause of this was over-speculation (buying too much on credit) in land; the West was hit the hardest

Cumberland Road

Example of a better road; this one went to Illinois

Steamboat

This invention made two-way river travel possible

Land Act of 1820

allowed buyers to purchase 80 acres at $1.25 per acre (as a minimum)

Wildcat banks

gave easy credit; these banks printed their own paper money then lent it out liberally to anyone wanting to buy land

Tallmadge Amendment

limit slavery in Missouri:

• no more slaves be allowed into Missouri

• that slaves born to Missouri slave parents would gradually emancipated

Missouri Compromise

• Missouri would be admitted as a slave state; Maine would be admitted as a free state

• All new states north of the 36°30' line would be free, new states southward would be slave

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

The "Elastic Clause Case"

Said that the Constitution had been written in more general terms rather than specific, and therefore could be interpreted.

Cohens vs. Virginia (1821)

The "Lottery Case"

Supreme Court showed it had the power to review state court decisions

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

The "Steamboat Case"

The Constitution says that only Congress can regulate interstate trade

Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)

The "Land Scam Contract Case"

The Supreme Court said a contract is a contract and the Constitution says it can't be broken by state laws.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)

The "College Charter Case"

The Supreme Court said the charter was a contract and, like Fletcher, states could not encroach on contracts

Treaty of 1818

made with England about Canada border

1. The treaty drew a border line at 49° from Lake of the Woods (MN) westward to the Rocky Mountains.

2. The prosperous fishing waters of Newfoundland would be shared.

3. For the time, Oregon would be jointly occupied.

and over the Canada border

Florida Purchase Treaty

made with Spain

• America paid $5 million and got Florida

• Spain gave up a claim to Oregon and America gave up a claim to Texas

• the southern limit of Oregon was set at 42° latitude.

Monroe Doctrine

• European non-colonization of the Americas and non-intervention

• It was a "KEEP OUT" sign.

land butchery

when a farmer would wear out a piece of land, then just move on to find more

nativists

those born in America and were opposed to immigrants

potato famine

resulted in 2 million Irish dieing

temperance movement

movement to ban alcohol

Industrial Revolution

time when machines and factories began to replace handmade products

Samuel Slater

textile worker in England who memorized the plans of the factory so he could build one in America

Eli Whitney

invented the cotton gin which separated the fiber from the seed (1793)

Tariff of 1816

"protective tariff" (one to boost foreign goods and therefore make American goods look cheaper)

interchangeable part

machine-made components of anything could simply be swapped out if one broke

Elias Howe and Isaac Singer

invented the sewing machine

limited liability corporation

companies ensured that if the company went bad, an investor could lose only what he'd invested (not everything he owned)

Samuel Morse

invented the telegraph

Lowell, Massachusetts

well-known as employing young women to work in its textile factories

Catharine Beecher

leading proponent who pushed for women to enter teaching

John Deere

invented the steel plow

Cumberland Road (National Road)

went from Maryland all the way to Illinois

Robert Fulton

credited with building the first steamboat, the Clermont (1807)

Erie Canal

The granddaddy of canals

transportation (revolution)

revolution where people wanted to link the West with the rest of the nation

division of labor

The North: manufacturing

The South: cotton for export

The West: grain and livestock

Roger Taney

said that "the rights of a community" were greater than a corporate contract

overall standard of living

rose during this time period

German Influence (on American Culture)

• Conestoga wagon

• Kentucky rifle

• Christmas tree

• Kindergarten

Alexis de Tocqueville

The church-going nature of America was noted by this French observer

Also noted that rape in America was punishable by death, whereas in his home of France it was usually overlooked

Deism

sprang out of the Enlightenment (AKA "Age of Reason") and was based on scientific or logical reasoning rather than faith

Unitarian

religion drew followers even farther away from Christianity

• Believed God existed in 1 person ("uni"), but not in the Holy Trinity.

• Rejected the divinity of Christ.

• Believed people were essentially good at heart, not born under "original sin."

• Believed people were saved through "good works", not through faith in Christ.

• Attracted intellectual types, notably Ralph Waldo Emerson

Joseph Smith

claimed to have found golden tablets in NY with the Book of Mormon inscribed on them

Brigham Young

took over and led the Mormons along the "Mormon Trail" to Utah after Joseph Smith was killed

Horace Mann

• known as the "Father of Public Education"

• pushed for free compulsory education and education

Noah Webster

Blueback Speller and dictionary

Dorothea Dix

sought and got improved treatment for the mentally insane

American Temperance Society

• founded in Boston, 1826

• used a variety of methods to encourage temperance (discourage drinking)

Margaret Fuller

edited a transcendentalist journal

Grimke sisters

Sisters who pushed for the abolition of slavery

Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention (1848)

• It wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments" arguing that "all men and women were created equal"

• It demanded female suffrage

• Neither of these things happened anytime soon, but the women's rights movement was born

Robert Owen

started New Harmony, Indiana (1825)

Brook Farm

• Started in Massachusetts (1841)

• It attracted Transcendentalist intellectuals

Oneida Community

was communal and embraced free love, birth control, and selecting parents to have planned children

Shakers

• were begun by Mother Ann Lee as a religious sect

• stressed simplicity in their lives and separated the sexes

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States

John Trumbull

painted scenes of the Revolutionary War

Corrupt Bargain

• Election of 1824

• Henry Clay supported Adams and swayed house vote

• Adams won and appoined Clay as Secretary of State

• Appeared as if Adams bribed Clay with position of Sec. of State

universal white male suffrage

all white men could vote

John Quincy Adams

• President (1824-1828)

• Puritanical Yankee

• Pushed nationalist programs to build:

(a) roads and canals

(b) a national university

(c) a national observatory

Old Hickory

Nickname given to Andrew Jackson by his soldiers

Spoils System

rewarded political party workers with government jobs

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Denmark Vesey

free black who led a slave rebellion in Charleston, SC in 1822

South Carolina Exposition

took the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions to the next level; said that the states could nullify the tariff

Tariff of 1832

removed the worst parts of the Tariff of 1828 (AKA Tariff of Abominations)

Force Bill

authorizing the president to use force if necessary to collect the tariff

The Trail of Tears

The forced movement of Cherokee Indians in 1838 to the land west of Mississippi River forced by the U.S. Army; it lasted 116 days and was 1,000 miles long, many Indians died along the way

Sequoyah

devised a Cherokee alphabet so they could write

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole

Society for Progating the Gospel Among the Indians

example of an attempt to assimilate Indians into white society

Jackson's Policy on Indians

Indians and whites couldn't live together peacefully so the Indians were to be removed to the West

Indian Territory

Oklahoma

hard money

actual metal money

soft money

paper money

Nicholas Biddle

President of Bank of United States who carried out bank policies of (a) coining hard money and (b) cracking down on western "wildcat banks" by calling in loans

pet banks

another name for wildcat banks

Whig Party

Political Party:

• Disliked Andrew Jackson

• Liked Henry Clay's American System

Martin Van Buren

won the election of 1836

Panic of 1837

Second economic downturn of the 1800s

Caused by:

• Over-speculation, especially in land

• Jackson's bank policies and resultant chaos

• Jackson's "specie circular"

• Failure of crops

• Failure of two major banks in England

Divorce Bill

the government should separate itself from banking altogether

New Democracy

new fashion of governement; common white man's government - all white men could vote; belief in power to the people

Political Parties of 1840

The Democrats were the common man's party.

The Whigs were the upper class's party.

2nd Bank of the United States

It was a federal establishment operated by the governmentas an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812

Democratic-Republican Party

Political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Federalist Party

American political party in the period 1792 to 1816; formed by Alexander Hamilton

War Hawks

Young members of Congress who wanted to go to war

Stump Speaking

when political candidates campaigning from town to town would stand upon a sawed off tree stump to deliver a speech

Cotton Gin

a machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds; invented by Eli Whitney

Cumberland Gap

a pass through the Cumberland Region of the Appalacian Mountains between Virginia and Kentucky that early settlers used in order to move west