US HIstory EOC

Early America

the beginning of our country

Declaration of Independence

belief in consent of the of the governed, other nations recognized the US as a country, inspired others to question their governments

Principles of the Constitution

limits the power of the federal government by separation of powers and checks and balances

1st Amendment

freedom of religion, press, speech, assembly and petition

5th Amendment

people accused of crimes must be read their rights (Miranda v. Arizona); eminent domain

Alexis de Tocqueville

democracy in America: liberty, egalitarianism, individualism, populism, and laissez-faire

Civic Responsibilities

voting in election, serving on a jury

Gilded age

America grows in wealth & workers Unite

Gilded Age

businesses became wealthy and some corrupt government officials supported business first policies

Electricity

made manufacturing more efficient; light bulb led to more hours of work \= more production

Railroads

provided farmers access to distant markets, allowed Americans to settle west

Monopolies

total control of a product by one company, laws passed against monopolies to protect consumer prices

Andrew Carnegie

philanthropy to improve society through donations to education and the arts

Labor Unions

fought for better pay and working conditions

Urbanization

growth in industry resulted in people moving to cities to work in factories causing sanitation problems

Political Corruption

government officials took bribes, bosses and political machines promised infrastructure for votes

Immigrants

came to America for better economic conditions, farm fertile soil, jobs in factories; citizens wanted assimilation

Irish Immigrants

persecuted because they were Catholic

Nativists

wanted restrictions on immigration, assimilation

Chinese Exclusion Act

passed because people in the west did not want to compete with immigrants for jobs

Homestead act

resulted in the settling of the frontier by farmers

Dawes Act

law intended to assimilate Native American into American Culture

Progressive Era

Americans pass Law to improve Society

Populist party platform

coinage of silver, graduated income tax, and regulation of railroad shipping charges

Upton Sinclair

wrote "The Jungle," resulting in the government regulating the safety of food products; FDA

Jane Addams

established settlement house movement to help assimilate immigrants

W.E.B. DuBois

helped found NAACP, a civil rights group that fought for legal rights of African Americans

State Reforms

initiative, referendum, recall; increased participation in democracy, made elected officials accountable

Pure Food and Drug Act

government policies protecting consumers, resulted from Muckrakers like Upton Sinclair

National Park Service

(Organic Act) Roosevelt, conserve land

19th Amendment

allowed women's suffrage, right to vote

Prohibition

desire to decrease crime and health problems, resulted in increased crime & speakeasies, women supported

Causes of Spanish-American was

Cuban revolution and sinking of USS Maine

Effects of Spanish-American War

helped establish America as a world imperial power

Reasons over expansionism

gain in access to natural resources and overseas markets, expansion in trade

Alfred Thayer Mahan

advocate for overseas expansion by growing the US Navy

Hawaii

forced annexation by the US, supported by SB Dole

Puerto Rico

gained by the US after the Spanish-American War

Panama Canal

US saw need for canal during Spanish-American War, obtained land by Roosevelt's "Big Stick" policy, more efficient travel time for navy and business

Causes of WW|

rise of militarism, assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Trench Warfare

soldier fought from trenches with machines guns resulting in a stalemate, tanks and poison gas were used to try and break stalemate

Zimmerman Telegram

Germany tried to ally with Mexico, resulted in US withdrawing position of neutrality

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germans attacked US merchant ships, resulted US declaring war on Germany

American Expeditionary Force

(AEF) soldiers well trained by John J. Pershing, led to major counterattack on the western front

Espionage Act

limited American's freedom of speech

Wilson's fourteen points

League of Nations (rejected by the US congress), freedom of the seas, Poland as an independent nation

Roaring 20s

economic prosperity for many Americans

Palmer Raids

fear of communist infiltration in US led to arrest and deportation of suspected communists

Mass-Manufacturing techniques

efficient production made products affordable like the automobile (Henry Ford)

Flappers

Women during the Roaring 20s that challenges tradition and social norms of females, unique fashion

Great Migration

limited economic opportunity for AA in the South resulted in northern migration for economic opportunity

Harlem Renaissance

popularity for American-American artists, gospel music, influenced civil rights movement

Overspeculation

in stock market led to Great Depression

Great Depression

demand for goods declines -\> businesses failed -\> unemployment grew -\> economic depression -\> homeless

Dust Bowl

caused by drought and poor farming practices

New Deal

federal government would take on a role by playing a larger role in helping the welfare of Americans, protecting economy, help provide jobs and mortgage loans

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

(FDIC) guaranteed bank deposits, protect people's savings

Social Security Act

created a government benefits program to help elderly/disabled/retired; increased govt's responsibility

Unconstitutional Programs

supreme court used 10th Amendment to overturn some New Deal programs

Roosevelt's Court Packing Plan

reponse to rejection of some New Deal programs, many disliked because it /^ power of president

22nd Amendment

limited president to serve only two terms, passed in response to FDR serving four terms

WW||

fight to contain Nazi Germany and other dictators

Pearl Harbor

Japanese retaliation for embargo, resulted in US entering WW||

Justification for war

economic and political interdependence of nations; stop spread of totalitarian governments

Victory gardens

support war effort by increasing food supply

Women

took on new roles to support the war effect, joined nurse cadets, and worked in factories to keep up production

Japanese-American Internment Camps

violated liberties of Japanese-American citizens provided by the 14th Amendment

Navajo Code Talkers

transmitted secret military information

Vernon Baker

AA veteran WW||, received Medal of Honor

The Holocaust

the Nazi attempt at the genocide of Jewish people, caused many Jews to migrate to America

Atomic Bomb

a new strategic weapon developed at Los Alamos, New Mexico; Japan surrendered after bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, resulted in arms race with the soviets

Cold War

US and Russia Tension over potential nuclear war

Berlin Air Lift

US flew planes over the soviet blockade of Berlin to get supplies to West Berlin without military conflict

Marshall Plan

US provided financial assistance to Western European countries to rebuild after WW||

Korean War

UN and US troops sent to Korea, to stop spread of communism, after North Korea invaded the South

Arms Race

US and Soviets promote science and technology as both attempt to develop nuclear arsenals

Sputnik

USSR satellite, caused US to invest $ in space, science, technology and weapons programs

House Un-American Activities Committee

(HUAC) looked in to individuals believed to be with the communist movement

McCarthyism

Red Scare movement led by Senator Joseph McCarthy that arrested people suspected of being communists

Suburbs

resulted from prosperity after WW||, baby boom, and increased demand for housing

GI bill

government paid for education of military veterans

Economic Prosperity

resulted in consumer spending, growth of middle class, led to interstate highway system

Vaccines

Jonas Salk developed vaccine to stop polio; vaccines limited the spread of infectious diseases

Civil Rights

African Americans fight for equal treatment

Brown v. Board of Education

required desegregation of schools, NAACP's Thurgood Marshall helped argue case

Martin Luther King, Jr

important leader of the Civil Rights movement, believed in civil disobedience instead of violence

Black Panthers

Civil Rights group that used armed resistance to protest and defend themselves, Huey Newton was leader

Growing World Power

America becomes a World Power

Great Depression & New Deal

Economic loss and Rebuilding

Little Rock, Arkansas

Governor Orval Faubus challenged the power of the federal government to desegregate schools

March on Washington

nonviolent protest aimed to improve political rights and economic opportunities of minorities

Civil Rights Act of 1965

requires equal treatment of minorities in the work place

Equal Employment Opportunity

government agencies could no longer discriminate in their employment practices

Voting Rights Act of 1965

ended poll taxes and literacy test as a requirement to vote; resulted in increased voting by minorities

Shirley Chisholm

1st African American woman to serve in Congress

60s and Vietnam

Protest over war and equal treatment

Cuban Missle Crisis

Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba to prevent shipment of Soviet nuclear missiles

Medicare Act of 1965

provided health care for people 65+

Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965

(HUD), aimed to provide poor with affordable housing

Chicano Workers Movement

led by Cesar Chavez, Worked to improve working conditions for migrant workers