Microbio Chapter 14 - Vaccines, Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Molecular Methods

Humoral immunity is acquired ______ and is either _____

naturally or artificially

passive or active

If the individual benefiting from the antibodies is the one who made them, humoral immunity is _____

active

Immunity from a previous infection

naturally acquired active immunity

Antibodies pass across the placenta

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Vaccination triggers immune response

Artificially acquired active immunity

Antivenom neutralized toxins

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Hundreds of years ago Chinese used ______ to combat smallpox

variolation

Why weren’t milkmaids affected by smallpox?

They had contracted cowpox which was protective against smallpox

________ show the strongest re-emergence

Measles and pertussis

A vaccine may consist of

Weakened (attenuated) microbe

Fragments of the microbe

Isolated inactivated toxin

Genetically manufactured portion of the microbe

Vaccines are targeting the _____ immune response

adaptive

Vaccines stimulate

immunological memory

______ protects the most vulnerable people in the population

Herd immunity

Immune Response Induced by Vaccines
MHC-II

CD4+ T cells, Th2 cytokines, B cells, memory B cells

Immune Response Induced by Vaccines
MHC-I

CD8+ T cells, Th1 cytokines, memory T cells/killing infected cells

______ vaccines contain altered pathogens that do not cause disease but are still infectious

Live attenuated

What is the benefit of live attenuated vaccines?

Simulate potent immunological responses that are accompanied by long lived memory

What are drawbacks of live attenuated vaccines?

could cause disease in an immune-compromised host, possible mutation to an infectious form, and must be refrigerated

_____ vaccines consists of whole inactivated pathogens and includes whole agent and subunit baccines

Inactivated

What are benefits of inactivated vaccines?

Safe for immune compromised patients and stable at room temperature

What is a drawback of inactivated vaccines?

Boosters are required to achieve full immunity

Whole agent vaccines contain ______ and are inactived by

the entire pathogen

heat, chemicals, raditation

Subunit vaccines consist of

purified antigens or parts of the infectious agent

Subunit vaccines require adjuvants that stimulate _______ release and encourage the uptake and processing of ______

cytokine; antigens

Purified subunit vaccines are the _____ portion of the pathogen

immunogenic

_________ can be harvested from a natural pathogen or purified from a genetically engineered expression system

Purified subunit vaccines

____ vaccines are purified and inactivated toxins

toxoid

____ vaccines are polysaccharide antigens conjugated to a more immunogenic protein antigen

Conjugate

meningococcal vaccines, pneumococcal vaccines, and Hib vaccines are examples of _____ vaccines

conjugate

DNA vaccines result in

humoral and a cellular immune response

In DNA vaccines, cells become the

antigen producers

In DNA vaccines, human cells

take up the plasmid and transcribe and translate the genes

In recombinant vector vaccines, genetic material from the pathogen is

packed inside a harmless virus then inserted into the body

If surface antigen B and antibodies B are mixed,

agglutination occurs

Describe direct ELISA

Antigens from sample are adhered to bottom of wells then add detection antibody

Excess detection antibody is rinsed away and then substrate is added - Signal develops when substrate interacts with reporter enzyme.

Sandwich ELISA requires

two antibodies - one to capture and one for dectection

Plaque reduction neutralization test is a

method used to determine is neutralizing antibodies are present

Negative PRNT

No neutralizing antibodies present in patient sample

Positive PRNT

Neutralizing antibodies present in the patient sample - antibodies bind to the added viruses and neutralizes them

What are the three steps in the polymerase chain reaction?

Melting step - high temp to separate DNA

Annealing step - low temp to allow the primers to anneal with template DNA

Extension step - optimal temp for the DNA polymerase to copy the target DNA

The polymerase chain reaction exhibits an exponential increase of

2ⁿ where n=number of cycles

______ is useful for detecting RNA in a sample

Reverse Transcription PCR

How can CRISPR edit genetic material?

Find (guide RNA) → Cut (Cas9) → Fix (cell repair system)