Module 12 Playposit questions

What is the main difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal compounds in antimicrobial therapy?

1. Bacteriostatic compounds are for surface treatment, and bactericidal compounds are used as antibiotics

2. Bacteriostatic compounds and bactericidal compound have the same mode of action, and the terms can be used interchangeably

3. Bactericidal compounds kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic compounds inhibit bacterial growth

4. Bacteriostatic compounds kill bacteria, while bactericidal compounds inhibit bacterial growth

3. Bactericidal compounds kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic compounds inhibit bacterial growth

Bacteriostatic substances are most suitable for patients with:

1. Compromised immune systems

2. Slow bacterial growth rates

3. Intact immune systems

4. Rapid bacterial growth rates

3. Intact immune systems

What does the MIC test determine?

1. The lowest concentration of an antibiotic required to prevent bacterial growth

2. The highest concentration of an antibiotic that can kill bacteria

3. The concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits growth of gram-negative bacteria

4. The most inhibitory concentration of an antibiotic

1. The lowest concentration of an antibiotic required to prevent bacterial growth

What does the large size of the clearance zone in the Kirby-Bauer Assay indicate?

1. The high effectiveness of the antibiotic in inhibiting bacterial growth

2. The high resistance of bacteria to the antibiotic

3. The minimum antibiotic concentration required for inhibiting bacterial growth

4. The large size of the bacterial colony

1. The high effectiveness of the antibiotic in inhibiting bacterial growth

What is the primary difference between disinfectants and antiseptics?

1. Disinfectants are stronger and antiseptics are more toxic

2. Disinfectants primarily target bacteria, while antiseptics target a wider range of microorganisms

3. Disinfectants are used on surfaces, while antiseptics are used on the skin

4. Disinfectants are used internally, while antiseptics are used externally

3. Disinfectants are used on surfaces, while antiseptics are used on the skin

Which phase of antibiotic discovery is considered the most challenging and time-consuming?

1. Phase II clinical trials

2. Phase I clinical trials

3. Phase II clinical trials

4. Lead optimization

4. Lead optimization

Why have pharmaceutical companies lost interest in antibiotic discovery?

1. Decreased demand for antibiotics in the market

2. Challenges and costs involved in the process

3. Lack of intellectual property protection for antibiotics

4. Limited need for new antibiotics

2. Challenges and costs involved in the process

Why do antibiotics primarily focus on a limited set of targets?

1. These targets have been successful in the past

2. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells lack these targets

3. The development cost of new antibiotics is high

4. These targets have the lowest toxicity

1. These targets have been successful in the past

What is the final step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis?

1. Transportation of amino sugars across the membrane

2. Polymerization of peptidoglycan

3. Cross-linking of peptidoglycan

4. Utilization of UDP derivatives of amino sugars

3. Cross-linking of peptidoglycan

What is the target of the antibiotic fosfomycin?

1. Transpeptidation enzymes

2. Dephosphorylation and recycling of undecapranyl pyrophosphate

3. Phosphor-NAM-pentapeptide transfer

4. Conversion of UDP-NAG to UDP-NAM

4. Conversion of UDP-NAG to UDP-NAM

Which step of peptidoglycan biosynthesis is targeted by bacitracin?

1. Phosphorylation and recycling of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate

2. Conversion of UDP-NAG to UDP-NAM

3. Transpeptidation

4. Transglycosylation

1. Phosphorylation and recycling of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate

Which antibiotics act on the transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan biosynthesis?

1. β-lactams

2. Moenomycin family of lipopolysaccharides

3. Tunicamycin

4. Glycopeptides

1. β-lactams

What is the role of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in peptidoglycan biosynthesis?

1. Inhibition of transpeptidation enzymes

2. Formation of cross-bridges in peptidoglycan

3. Degradation of peptidoglycan

4. Catalyzation of transpeptidation reactions

4. Catalyzation of transpeptidation reactions

How do β-lactam antibiotics inhibit transpeptidase enzymes?

1. By opening the β-lactam ring and forming a covalent bond

2. By interacting with autolysins and degrading peptidoglycan

3. By irreversibly binding to the reactive serine residue

4. By inhibiting the cross-bridge formation in peptidoglycan

1. By opening the β-lactam ring and forming a covalent bond

What is the additional activity possessed by fourth-generation cephalosporins compared to third-generation cephalosporins?

1. Effectiveness against Enterobacteriaceae

2. Ability to target Haemophilus influenzae

3. Resistance to beta-lactamase enzymes

4. Increased coverage against Gram-positive bacteria

3. Resistance to beta-lactamase enzymes

Which enzyme do glycopeptides like vancomycin and teicoplanin bind to?

1. Beta-lactamase enzymes

2. Autolysins

3. Transpeptidase enzymes

4. Pyrophosphatase (PPiase) enzyme

3. Transpeptidase enzymes

What is the main use of bacitracin?

1. Internal use for systemic infections

2. Treatment of various skin infections

3. Prevention of Gram-negative bacterial infections

4. Sexually transmitted disease treatement

2. Treatment of various skin infections

How do aminoglycosides hinder protein synthesis?

1. By inhibiting transpeptidation enzyme

2. By blocking the 30S subunit from binding mRNA

3. By impeding the 50S subunit from joining the 30S subunit

4. By preventing the positioning of fMet-tRNA in the P site

3. By impeding the 50S subunit from joining the 30S subunit

What is a potential side effect of prolonged administration of aminoglycosides?

1. Hearing loss and kidney dysfunction

2. Liver damage and skin rash

3. Tooth discoloration and nausea

4. Sensitivity to light and muscle-related adverse effects

1. Hearing loss and kidney dysfunction

What is the primary mechanism of action for macrolides like erythromycin?

1. Disruption of DNA replication

2. Inactivation of beta-lactamase enzymes

3. Interference with protein synthesis

4. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

3. Interference with protein synthesis

The main mechanism of action of quinolones and fluoroquinolones is by inhibiting:

1. Protein synthesis in bacteria

2. DNA gyrase activity in bacteria

3. Peptidoglycan synthesis

4. Cell wall synthesis in bacteria

2. DNA gyrase activity in bacteria

Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis inhibitors affect bacterial cells by:

1. Interfering with cell wall synthesis

2. Inhibiting DNA replication

3. Targeting enzymes involved in folic acid synthesis

4. Blocking protein synthesis

3. Targeting enzymes involved in folic acid synthesis

Clavulanic acid is often combined with other β-lactam antibiotics to:

1. Block DNA replication in bacteria

2. Prevent degradation of β-lactam antibiotics

3. Enhance protein synthesis in bacteria

4. Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

2. Prevent degradation of β-lactam antibiotics

What strategy have pharmaceutical companies adopted to combat resistance?

1. Reducing antibiotic research and development efforts

2. Enhancing existing antibiotics

3. Focusing on β-lactam and macrolide antibiotics

4. Developing new generations of antibiotics

2. Enhancing existing antibiotics

What are nosocomial infections also known as?

1. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)

2. Multidrug-resistant infections

3. Antibiotic-resistant infections

4. Community-acquired infections

1. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)

Which group of bacteria is referred to as ESKAPE pathogens?

1. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter and Clostridioides difficle

2. Drug-resistant Campylobacter and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae

3. Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species

4. Bacteria that escape the phagosome

3. Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species

How are bacteria classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR)?

1. If they are resistant to more than two categories of antibiotics

2. If they acquire mutations that prevent antibiotics from being activated

3. If they cause nosocomial infections

4. If they are resistant to one drug within a category

1. If they are resistant to more than two categories of antibiotics

Under what conditions do certain bacteria become more resistant to aminoglycosides?

1. Acidic conditions

2. Anaerobic conditions

3. Aerobic conditions

4. Alkaline conditions

2. Anaerobic conditions

What is the main function of efflux pumps in bacteria?

1. To prevent the expression of redundant transporters

2. To enhance the effectiveness of antibiotics withing the cell

3. To maintain cellular balance and remove toxins

4. To transport antibiotics into the bacterial cell

3. To maintain cellular balance and remove toxins

Which family of efflux pumps is particularly important in Gram-negative bacteria?

1. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) protein family

2. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS)

3. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters

4. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family

1. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family

How do β-lactamases render β-lactam antibiotics inactive?

1. By preventing the production of β-lactamases during cell lysis

2. By attacking the β-lactam ring with an active-site serine residue

3. By inhibiting the release of water molecules

4. By preserving the β-lactam ring’s covalent bond

2. By attacking the β-lactam ring with an active-site serine residue

What are extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) resistant to?

1. β-lactamase inhibitors only

2. Narrow-spectrum β-lactams, β-lactamase inhibitors, and later-generation extended-spectrum β-lactams

3. Later-generation extended-spectrum β-lactams only

4. Narrow-spectrum β-lactams only

2. Narrow-spectrum β-lactams, β-lactamase inhibitors, and later-generation extended-spectrum β-lactams

Which bacteria within the Enterobacteriaceae family can produce ESBLs?

1. Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp, and Proteus mirabilis

2. Salmonella enterica

3. Enterobacter spp.

4. Salmonella and E. coli

1. Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp, and Proteus mirabilis

Aminoglycoside resistance primarily occurs through:

1. β-lactamases

2. Enzyme inhibition

3. Efflux pumps

4. Ribosome modification

4. Ribosome modification

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) adds an acetyl group to chloramphenicol, preventing its:

1. Activation of gene expression

2. Binding to the ribosome

3. Uptake by the ribosome

4. Efflux from the cells

2. Binding to the ribosome

What is the role of the antitoxin in a TA system?

1. Inhibiting toxin activity

2. Blocking DNA replication

3. Halting bacterial growth

4. Upregulating stress-related genes

1. Inhibiting toxin activity