therapeutic exercise part 2

proprioception

the body’s ability to correctly transmit and interpret position information and respond to a stimulus

proprioceptors

sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints that detect changes in position or movement and send signals to the CNS

muscle spindle

a proprioceptor located in the muscle that responds to rapid stretch and facilitates contraction

golgi tendon organ

a proprioceptor in the tendon that responds to tension and inhibits muscle contraction to protect from excessive force

cutaneous proprioceptors

skin receptors that play a small role when healthy but become more important when joint proprioceptors are injured

balance

the ability to maintain equilibrium by keeping the body’s center of gravity over its base of support

vestibular system

balance system that detects head motion and position

oculomotor system

balance system that uses visual input for stability

y balance test

a test that measures dynamic balance by reaching in multiple directions

coordination

the production of smooth, efficient movement through correct muscle actions, timing, and sequencing

engrams

stored movement patterns that allow actions to become automatic

agility

the ability to control the body during rapid, complex, and skillful movements

plyometrics

rapid eccentric movement followed by an explosive concentric contraction to build power

eccentric phase (plyometrics)

the muscle-lengthening phase that stores elastic energy and activates muscle spindles

amortization phase

the transition time between eccentric and concentric actions; shorter time increases power

concentric phase (plyometrics)

the explosive outcome movement created after stored energy is released

functional exercise

exercises that simulate real-life movement patterns to prepare for advanced activity

activity-specific exercise

sport- or job-related tasks that mirror actual performance requirements

goals of functional exercise

restore full flexibility, strength, endurance, coordination, power, speed, functional ability, and confidence